The word "transcription" cannot but be familiar to everyone who in one way or another had a relation to a foreign language in their life (even if he only studied English a little in his school years). However, it is not clear to many what transcription is, how it appears in our daily lives and why such a thing as transcription is needed at all. Let's try to figure it all out.
Transcription. Practical transcription
Firstly, it is important to understand what transcription is in Russian. So, in linguistics it is understood as a way of transmitting the sound of a word using one or another system of signs. So, it can be divided into two types of existence - scientific transcription and practical transcription. Everyone is familiar with the second, without exception, since it simply means the transfer of a foreign word in the spelling and graphic systems of the target language. So, to write a practical transcription of the name of the company General Motors, you do not need to know anything other than how these words are read. In Russian, it will look like this: General Motors.
Scientific transcription
Scientific transcription is a type of transcription made by linguists and intended for use in scientific research and works. It can also be divided into two types - phonemic and phonemic. Different researchers have different views on scientific transcription. So, we can distinguish the main centers of opposing scientific opinions: the Moscow phonological school (IFS) and the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) phonological school (LFS). The founder of the latter is considered to be L. V. Shcherba.
Transcription
What is it? And transcription is the direct compilation of transcription. Examples of transcribed words can be found in dictionaries and phrasebooks. Moreover, in the former, transcription is close in appearance to scientific, although it is often given in a simplified form (depending on the addressee of the dictionary). An example of this kind: [หษกสdหbaษช] (American version) and [ษกสdหbสษช] for the well-known goodbye "It's in the dictionary. In a simple phrase book for dummies, we will most likely find transcribing practical, in Russian, to make it easier to read, it sounds easier, but the carriers nevertheless perceived: "goodbye."
To write a transcription of the words "in a scientific way" is taught at the philological and linguistic departments of universities. Transcribing is really important for those who in the future plan to professionally engage in translation, humanitarian teaching or linguistic research activities.