Each part of speech in the Russian language is unique in its own way: some words bow, others conjugate. But there are those who do not want to change in any way, preferring to be unchanged. The adverb refers to such parts of speech, which even tries not to lose its originality in writing: an adverb with a hyphen is written together and separately. What is an adverb from the point of view of the science of language?
Adverb as part of speech
Any part of speech can be characterized in terms of grammar, morphology and syntax.
- The grammatical meaning of the adverb. Being an independent part of speech, an adverb denotes either a sign of action, if it relates to a verb (speak loudly , do well , move slowly ), or a sign of another sign, if the adverb is associated with an adjective, as well as with another adverb ( too serious, very fast, quite dark) . Questions to this part of the speech we ask depending on what category in meaning the adverb belongs.
- Morphological signs of an adverb. As mentioned above, an adverb never changes, it has no gender, number, case, it does not bow or conjugate.
- The syntactic role of an adverb. In a sentence, an adverb is most often a circumstance. Tatyana answered questions (how?) Loudly and confidently. Loud and confident - adverbs, which in this sentence are a circumstance.
Adverbs by value
Adverbs may indicate:
- on the course of action , then they answer the question: how? how? - loudly, in a whisper, close, friendly;
- measure and degree: to what extent? how much? - a little, very, too, perfectly;
- in place : where? where to? Where? - from far, back, in front, from above;
- on time : how long? since when? How long? when? - late, always, in the spring, already;
- for a reason : why? from what? for what reason? - grudgingly, involuntarily;
- on target : for what? what for? - in vain, intentionally, on purpose.
The main ways of forming adverbs
Most often, adverbs are formed by a suffix or prefix-suffix way:
- from full or short adjectives: long - duty oh , good - good oh , new - new a , dry - dry a ;
- from nouns with the help of prefixes: for a century, in depth (in addition, some nouns with prepositions have the meaning of adverbs with the pretext: with a run, in addition, without getting tired);
- in the prefix and prefix-suffix way, adverbs are obtained from the numerals and pronouns: in two, in two, second , second , according to him (with the help of prefixes, adverbs are formed from other adverbs: it is impossible - to the impossible, outside - to the outside )
Adverbial hyphen
As can be seen from the examples, adverbs are written together, separately, through a hyphen. Let's deal with the hyphen spelling of this part of the speech in detail.
So, when does a hyphen appear in adverbs? Firstly, if an adverb is formed from possessive pronouns and from adjectives with the help of the simultaneous addition of the prefix to the suffixes and -th, to him, -and. For example, to make your own way, in your own way, in your opinion, to live in a new way, dressed in summer, to act in a friendly, comradely way, to whistle in a robbery way.
To read in Russian, in French, in Turkish, in Bulgarian - by analogy with these dialects, the word in Latin is also written with a hyphen: speak in Latin. Sometimes an adverb is formed from a complex adjective, which has a hyphenated spelling: Walnut-Zuevsky, non-commissioned officer. In the dialect obtained in this way, a hyphen is written only after the prefix: in Orekhovozuevsky, in non-official.
Secondly, a hyphen will be written in adverbs formed from the numerals with the prefix b- and b-suffix-s (s): the first - first, the seventh - seventh, the third - third. Hyphenate words such as thirty-fifths, hundred-twenty-eighths.
Thirdly, a hyphen is put between the parts in dialects that have the prefix some and suffixes, either, anywhere, somehow, somehow: some, some, somewhere, somewhere, sometime, somewhere Well, all the same.
Fourth, an adverb can be formed by repeating the same word or the same root, as well as synonymous words associated associatively. In such cases, between the dialects, the hyphen is written: quietly, slightly, little by little, crosswise, not today, tomorrow, unexpectedly, unexpectedly, at least poorly, I will pick up a little-late.
Issue on the mountain - this technical term has historically entrenched a hyphen spelling: on the mountain.
When a hyphen is not written in adverbs?
Adverbs are written together, therefore, therefore, why, since they are not formed from possessive pronouns and adverbs that have the prefix and suffixes -o, y: second - second, minute - minute, small - little by little, long - long.
Separately, dialects are written, formed from repeating nouns, if there is a pretext between them: honor in honor, face to face, side by side, one on one. An exception is the word exactly.
Separately, adverbs obtained from nouns by repetition will be written if there is no pretext between them, and the second word is in the instrumental case: an eccentric by an eccentric, honor by honor, a fool by a fool.
The combination formed by the same-root words, one of which is a verb, and the other adverb is -my, is also written separately: roaring roar, pouring rain.
If you have doubts about writing adverbs, then a spelling dictionary will come to your aid.
Homogeneous combinations
In some cases, in order to correctly write an adverb, one must be able to distinguish it from homonymous combinations of prepositions with adjectives and pronouns, which are always written separately. You can distinguish an adverb from homonymous forms with the help of a question.
- Nice to ski in the winter forest. Which forest ? winter - we have an adjective with a preposition, we write it separately.
- You wore winter clothes today. Dressed up how? how? in winter - this is an adverb that has a prefix in the suffix and it means that we write a hyphen in this adverb.
If you are still tormented by doubts, you can use one more trick: the adjective and pronoun can be removed from a sentence without violating its meaning, but with an adverb this cannot be done.
- We went along the old road (We went along the road). The old word can be removed - before us is an adjective with a preposition.
- We have everything in the old way. It’s impossible to remove from the sentence in the old way - we have before us an adverb formed by the prefix-suffix way, which means that the word is spelled with a hyphen in the old way.
The role of adverbs in the Russian language is great: they give our speech concreteness and imagery. The spelling of many of them does not obey logic, therefore, the study of adverbs is an excellent exercise for the development of memory, especially spelling.