In order to correctly place punctuation marks, the scheme of a complex sentence must be correctly drawn up. Only it will help to understand difficult cases of setting commas, dashes and colon. In addition, the correct characterization of a complex syntactic unit also helps its schematic execution. The issues of syntax and punctuation are put in the tasks of the exam and the State Automobile Inspection, so it is absolutely necessary to be able to visualize the composition of a complex sentence. How to do it right? We will understand in this article.
The concept of a complex sentence
It is necessary to define a complex sentence as such. This is the most complex syntax unit, incorporating several simple ones.
Thus, such a sentence has at least two grammatical foundations. They can be interconnected in different ways:
- Subjugatory unions and allied words.
- Composing unions.
- Unionless.
- Within the same syntactic unit, various types of communication can be observed.
Accordingly, complex sentences in Russian are determined by the type of communication within them. They will be called compound, compound, unionless and with various types of communication, respectively.
Offer outline: highlights
The complex sentence scheme requires special attention. In fact, it is necessary to explain the setting of all punctuation marks in it. Thus, the algorithm for its compilation can be represented as follows:
- Highlight the grammatical basis and determine the number of parts.
- Find out the type of connection parts within the sentence. It must be remembered that we denote submission by parentheses, the main part, composing and non-union communications - by square.
- Identify minor members of the sentence, see if there are any homogeneous ones. The latter are also necessary in a detailed scheme. It should be remembered that particles, unions, syntactic functions do not play. Prepositions relate to those members of a sentence with which they form a grammatical connective.
- See why each part is complicated (separate definitions, circumstances, introductory words and constructions, homogeneous members).
- In a complex sentence, determine the type of subordination: parallel or sequential.
Complicated sentence and its scheme
Let’s take a look at a concrete example: Small clouds began to gather in the summer sky, mottled with ripples of clouds, and a cool rain drizzled.
To begin with, we prove that this proposal is really complicated. He has two bases: clouds (subject 1), began to gather (predicate 2); rain (subject 2), drizzled (predicate 2). Parts are connected by a union and, accordingly, a complex sentence.
We work with the first part: in heaven - a circumstance expressed by a noun with a preposition; summer - a definition expressed by an adjective; small - a definition expressed by an adjective. This part is complicated by a separate definition of a mottling ripple of clouds, it is expressed by the participle turnover.
The second part has only one minor term, the definition is cool. It is not complicated by anything. Thus, the complex sentence diagram will look like this:
[X, | bp |, - =], [and = -]
In this scheme, the sign X denotes a definable word to which a separate definition belongs.
The scheme will help to distinguish a complex sentence from a simple one with homogeneous predicates connected by a union and. Compare: In the summer sky, mottled with ripples of clouds, small clouds began to gather and cover the horizon. Only homogeneous predicates are present here: they began to gather, cover up. They are connected by union and.
Complicated sentence and its scheme
Complicated sentences in Russian with a subordinate connection have unequal parts: the main and the subordinate clause. Defining them is quite simple: in the latter there is always a subordinate union or union word. Such schemes of a complex sentence are quite interesting. We will analyze examples below. The fact is that the subordinate part can stand at the beginning, the end of a sentence, and even tear the main one.
When the Cossack raised his hand and screamed, a shot rang out. The offer is complex: Cossack - subject 1; raised, cried out - the predicates 1; shot - subject 2; was heard - predicate 2. The parts are connected by the union when, it is subordinate, therefore the sentence is complex. In this case, the subordinate part begins the sentence. Let us prove it. Firstly, it contains an alliance, and secondly, one can easily ask a question: the shot rang out (when?) When the Cossack raised his hand. In the schema, the subclause is enclosed in parentheses. In addition, the subordinate part is complicated by homogeneous predicates (we also indicate them graphically). The complex sentence scheme will look like this: (when - = and =), [= -].
Another option, when a complex sentence begins with the main part: A shot rang out when the Cossack raised his hand and screamed. [= -], (when - = and =).
Complicated sentences: special cases
The greatest difficulty is torn by the subordinate complex sentences. Examples of unions are now discussed. The smoke from the bonfires into which they threw everything, corroded his eyes to tears. The grammatical basis of the main part: smoke - subject, corroded - predicate. In the subordinate part there is only a predicate thrown. The grammatical basis of the main part is torn apart by the subordinate clause with the union word which. Accordingly, the scheme will be as follows: [-, (in which =), =].
Another example: The empty hut for several years, where we decided to stay, was located on the very edge of the village. The main part: the subject - the hut, the predicate - was; it is complicated by the sacramental turnover, which is not isolated. The subordinate part: the subject - we, the predicate - decided to stop. The scheme is as follows: [| bp | -, (where - =), =].
Scheme of the unionless sentence
We examined composing and subordinate complex sentences. Examples with unions are not the only ones. There is still a connection of parts solely within the meaning of a union-free one. The correct layout is especially important here, because in such sentences, semicolons, dashes, or colons can be used along with commas. Their choice depends on semantic and grammatical relationships.
It should be remembered that parts of the all-union sentence are equivalent and are indicated by square brackets. Let's look at some examples.
- The wind howled even more; rats running around in their burrows ran even louder. This complex proposal consists of two parts: in the first, the wind howled, in the second, the rats ran in. According to the rule, if there are punctuation marks in other parts, it is required to put a semicolon in conjunction without a union. In the second part there is a separate definition, highlighted by a comma. The scheme will look like this: [- =]; [= -, | bp |].
- There was bustle in the house all day: the servants scurried about every now and again, the princesses tried on dresses, and the adults excitedly checked their readiness for the holiday. There are four parts to this alliance-free proposal. The grammatical basis is as follows: vanity (subject) was (predicate), servants (subject) scurried (predicate), princesses (subject) tried on (predicate), adults (subject) checked (predicate). The first sentence is clarified by the following, so you need to put a colon. The scheme is as follows: [= -]: [= -], [- =], [- =].
- You will read in childhood - books will become true friends for life. Let us prove that the proposition is complicated. There are two grammatical foundations: you will (predicate), books (subject) will become friends (predicate). In this case, a dash is required, because the second part contains a consequence of the first. The scheme is simple: [=] - [- =].
Different types of communication in a complex sentence
Studying a complex sentence at school (8th grade), various types of communication take place within the framework of one sentence. Let us examine the drawing up of a diagram of a similar design.
Souvenirs purchased during the trip were connected with some kind of history, and each trinket had a long family tree, but among all these rare things there would not be a single one that would be worth attention in itself. (B. Garth)
In this sentence there are 4 parts connected by a composing and subordinate connection. The first - souvenirs (subject) were connected (predicate), the second - a trinket (subject) possessed (predicate), the third - could not be found (only predicate), the fourth which (union word, subject) would be worth attention (predicate). Between the first and second parts there is a creative connection, in addition, in the first there is a separate definition; between the second and third also composing, between the third and fourth subordinate. The scheme will be as follows: [-, | bp |, =], [a- =], [but =], (which =).
Compound sentence description
Inextricably from the scheme should be the characteristics of the proposal. It is necessary to indicate in it what it is for the purpose of utterance and intonation, and then it is necessary to describe each of the parts: composition (one or two-part), prevalence, complete or not, and what is complicated.
Let us examine as an example the proposal, the scheme of which was made in the previous section. It is narrative, non-exclamatory. Part 1: two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate definition, expressed by the participle; Part 2: two-part, widespread, complete, not complicated by anything; 3rd part: one-part (impersonal), widespread, complete, not complicated by anything; 4th part: two-part, widespread, complete, nothing complicated.