Even in the elementary grades, schoolchildren are taught how to determine the case of a noun. Unfortunately, far from all of them succeed at once. You must have a sufficiently large amount of information to complete this task without difficulty.
Noun as part of speech
Each of us is familiar with a noun. We do not hesitate to use it daily in our speech. Now imagine that this part of speech is no longer there. Try to talk about an event without his help. It is unlikely that this will be possible to do, because im. gives the name to all objects and phenomena that are in our lives. Everything that we see and talk about is not complete without it. And therefore, its main function is considered to be nominative, that is, to give names to all objects.
Calling each other by name, we also can not do without a noun. Possessing the native language perfectly, we correctly put this part of speech in the necessary form. From a scientific point of view, we will try to determine which case and number are used in the word in our article.
Declination
Before you learn how to determine the case of a noun, you need to understand what declination is. In itself, this word has the meaning of "change." That is to persuade - this means changing them. by numbers and cases.
In the Russian language there are several types of declination.
The first includes words that end in –a or –i. They must be in the form of masculine or feminine. For example: car, uncle, picture, nature.
Words in the second declension have different criteria. Such nouns have -o, -e or zero endings and are related to the middle and masculine gender. For example: regulation, aggregate, fiber.
If we have a feminine word with a soft sign at the end (respectively, a zero ending), then it is attributed to the third declension. For example: daughter, thing, speech, night.
Each group has its own ending system. It is they that must be remembered when receiving the task: "Define the case and declension of nouns."
Kind
The correct definition of declination, and, as a consequence, its case forms, depends on the category of the genus.
In Russian, there are three types of it. Before we learn how to correctly determine the case of nouns, we need to learn this information.
The masculine gender includes words that are combined with the personal pronoun "he": boat, boss, result.
The middle gender is determined by the word "it." It includes most of the abstract and inanimate concepts: perception, happiness, well-being.
Women’s, respectively, include such words that are combined with the word “she”: love, photography, life.
In order to determine the gender, it is necessary to take into account with which personal pronoun the desired noun is consistent.
Case
Now is the time to learn how to determine the case of nouns. To do this, you need to know what questions each of them answers.
The initial form of words in this part of speech is always the nominative case. He performs in the sentence the function of the main member - the subject.
Before determining the case of a noun, ask a question. In im.p. - "who what?". For example: a vase, a flower.
Next comes the genitive. The auxiliary word “no” and the question “whom?” Can be substituted for it. or "what?". For example: a vase, a flower.
The dative case requires the word “give” (“to whom?”, “What”?). For example: a vase, a flower.
Very often accusative is confused with nominative. He answers the questions "who?" or "what?". Also, an auxiliary form of "see" or "blame" is added to it. For example: a vase, a flower.
Correct requires questions "by whom?" or "what? It is combined with the word "admire." For example: a vase, a flower.
And the last, prepositional: “about whom?” or "what about?" To help him add the words "think" or "speak."
Now we know how to determine the case of nouns. For this simple task, you only need to correctly select the question for the desired word.
Features nominative and accusative
For all the seemingly simplicity of determining the case, sometimes questions still arise. All this happens because some forms may coincide. Such absolute similarities between words are called homonyms.
For example, very often their forms coincide. and wines. cases. In order to distinguish between them, we need to carefully study the context.
Compare the two sentences:
- A beautiful tree grew in a clearing.
- Approaching a clearing, we saw a beautiful tree.
The forms of the word are exactly the same.
The question is how to determine the accusative case of a noun. To do this, we must follow the syntactic role of this word. In the first sentence, the word "tree" is a subject, consistent with the predicate "grew." It independently performs the action, so we can easily determine that its case is nominative.
Now let's look at the second example. The grammatical basis is “we saw”. Some action is performed on the tree, and therefore in this case we have the accusative case.
Dative and prepositional
Also in some cases the prepositional and dative cases coincide.
Compare:
- We walked along the road.
- I thought about the upcoming road all evening.
Again the complete coincidence of word forms. In this case, we use the artificial plural substitution method. It will turn out:
- We walked along the roads.
- I was thinking about the roads.
Now we see that by multiplier. it is easier to distinguish between cases: in the first case - the dative (what?), in the second - the prepositional (what?).
There is another little trick. The dative case has two prepositions “k” and “po”. Thanks to them, it is easy to distinguish it from other forms.
Parsing
Often in the lesson, students are given the task of determining the gender, number, and case of nouns. This is usually required for morphological analysis of the word.
Let's give an example of a parsing of a noun.
Our boys participated in competitions.
- In competitions - to them. noun
- The initial form (what?) Is competition.
- Permanent symptoms:
- does not indicate the name of any objects, therefore it is a household word;
- inanimate;
- wednesday gender (it);
- has an ending –e and relates to Wednesdays. kind, means the type of decline - the second.
- many. number;
- answers the question “what?”, combined with the auxiliary word “think”, therefore, the prepositional case.
- The proposal will serve as a secondary member - additions.
Conclusion
We studied in detail how to determine the case of a noun. In addition, we were able to perform a morphological analysis of the word in order to confirm all the information received. Thus, we will no longer have difficulties in this matter. It is enough to ask the right question, and the case is easy to determine. When homonymous forms appear, it is enough to look at the syntactic role of the word or replace the singular with the plural.