In this article we will talk about what is the relationship of words in a phrase, what types of them exist, how they differ from each other. This topic requires some terminological explanation.
In particular, in order to understand what are the ways of connecting words, you must first decide what the term "phrase" is. After that, we will move on to the question of what is the relationship of words in a phrase. Our "lesson" will continue with a detailed review of management, coordination and adjacency and will end with a small tip that you can use so as not to make a mistake in defining them.
Note that this is a very important topic, because the USE pays great attention to the question of what is the relationship of words in a phrase. This test in all cases includes determining the types of communication.
Definition of the phrase
A phrase is a combination of two or more words connected grammatically and in meaning, which serves to disassemble a specific single concept (action, quality of the subject or the subject itself, etc.).
It is a unit of syntax that performs a communicative function (in other words, is included in the speech) only as part of a sentence.
Today it is generally accepted that phrases include compounds of certain words precisely on the basis of a subordinate connection, that is, they must necessarily contain two components - the main and the dependent member. Some of the researchers of the linguistic structure also include combinations of homogeneous sentence members in a separate group - compositional phrases, but we will adhere to the traditional classification and exclude them from our consideration also because in order to have control, coordination and adjacency, i.e. the ways of connecting words that interest us, it is necessary that the significant parts of speech are connected precisely by a subordinate connection.
Grammar homonymy
Consider, for example, the combination of the words "read to yourself." There is an effect of so-called grammatical homonymy. Two questions can be asked for this phrase: "Read about whom?" and "Read how?". In the latter case, when I do not mean reading aloud, "to myself" acts as an adverb, and this is an unchangeable word, so it adjoins the main thing. In the second case, when there is a meaning "about oneself", the dependent part of speech is used in some case form, that is, it is controlled by the main one, and therefore it will already be management.
Recall also that in a sentence words can be connected either by a subordinate or by a composing connection, since there are two types of them: submission and composition.
What is an essay?
Composition - a combination of independent from each other or syntactically equal elements. This can be a connection in a simple sentence of homogeneous members (slowly, but surely; cats and dogs) or parts of a sentence (complex unionless or compound).
What is submission?
Subordination is the connection of syntactically unequal elements (parts of a complex sentence, as well as individual words in it).
In the phrase, there is only a subordinate connection between the significant parts of speech. Therefore, when it is proposed to find coordination, control or adjacency in the text, that is, connections with the subordinate connection, we can immediately remove from the circle of our search the combination of subject and predicate (i.e. the grammatical basis of the sentence), compound verbal and nominal predicates and introductory words . It is on the latter that special attention should be paid, since subordinate relations in one form or another can have introductory sentences and phrases. Examples: "Something sparkled in the sky. Maybe lightning." Here “maybe” is an introductory word. And such expressions as “it seems to me” and “in her words” are introductory sentences and combinations.
Reconciliation, adjacency and control are the main types of subordinate communication.
Reconciliation: Definition
Coordination - such a connection of words in a phrase in which in its form it is likened to the main dependent, that is, it is used in the same number, gender and case that the one to which it refers is a noun or another part of speech in its meaning: "dear mourners "or" not any "then" is hyphenated ". When the main thing changes, the dependent word also changes.
What words may be dependent upon agreement?
In the text, it is not difficult to find combinations with this type of connection, if you remember that as a subordinate word (that is, dependent) always only the variable parts of speech appear: possessive pronouns (from your statement), relative (in what way), indicative ( this infamy), definitive (all sorts of consequences, all good), negative pronouns (by no means), indefinite (some comrades), adjectives (as a grave burden, total lack of freedom, a heavy burden), full communions (storming general hurricane), as well as ordinal numerals (the twentieth year) and nouns, which are coordinated applications that correlate in number and case with the main word (if the corresponding noun can change in numbers); their gender is always unchanged, therefore, such phrases cannot be coordinated on this basis. Examples: in a new building, as a mother-teacher.
Substantive words
So-called substantive words, that is, participles and adjectives, which have already passed into the category of nouns, should also be distinguished from the adjectives and participles involved in such a connection of significant parts of speech, such as coordination, "It equally applies to good and bad." These two concepts ("bad" and "good") form a combination with the main word, called control, because they are nouns in this context. We ask the question: "Refers to what?". And we answer: "Both to the bad, and to the good."
Cardinal numbers
A special case is represented by quantitative numerals in phrases . In them, they usually act as dependent words, but not always. For example, in the accusative and nominative cases such numerals are always the main member, and in other forms - the subordinate. You can compare the following sentences: “I worked at school for twenty years” and “I work until six o’clock”. In the combination of the words “till six o’clock” the numeral “six” in the genitive is a dependent word. You can ask the question: "How many hours do you work?" And answer: "Until six." In the expression "twenty years," the main word is the numeral "twenty." We ask the following question: “Twenty what?”. And we answer: "Twenty years." This case is management. In Russian, a similar phrase is often used.
Management: Definition
We gradually got to consider the following type of connection of two significant parts of speech. Management - the connection of words in a phrase, characterized in that the dependent word (noun or other part of speech in its function: substantive word, pronoun, numeral (look at both / at the people sitting / at it / at the other)) is put in a certain case form ( with or without preposition), which is determined by the main term, its lexical and grammatical meaning. Such a word can be a noun, a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a quantitative numeral in the accusative or nominative case, words of the category of state.
In other words, the main thing from the addict requires some case form.
Note that in this very term "management" there is already a hint that Russian phrases of this kind are characterized by the control of one word by another.
Management Features
With this type of communication, dependent members always answer questions of indirect cases: “remembered the story,” “they should have let him go,” “he sat out for a day,” “seemed on the road,” etc.
We draw attention to the fact that some Russian phrases, despite the fact that you can ask them other, namely circumstantial, questions (spent (where?) And (what?) On the mode) - this is exactly the management, as it indicates the presence of prepositions in them.
Thus, the preposition is always a sign that this phrase is management, not adjacency.
Adjacency: Definition
Now consider the last form of communication. Adjacency is such a connection of words in a phrase in which it is grammatically, and not lexically (that is, in meaning) that the dependence of the subordinate word is expressed by intonation and order of their sequence. Only immutable parts of speech can adjoin: it is an infinitive, an adverb, an immutable adjective (khaki) and its comparative degree, while it is simple (older children), a noun acting as an inconsistent application (for example, in the newspaper Moskovskiye Vedomosti), possessive pronouns them, her, him. With this in mind, you can easily find in the text the connection of words in the phrase "adjacency". Indeed, this term itself is transparent: the dependent explains the main thing, joins it.
Adjacency Features
The main word in such combinations can be the verb, noun, adjective, adverb, participle and gerun participle.
Particular attention should be paid to the connection of words with possessive pronouns of her, his, and them, since they, unlike the forms of personal pronouns homonymous with them, do not change, therefore they appear only in such a connection as adjunction. For example: "They should have let her go tomorrow." Here "her" is a form of the personal pronoun "she" in the genitive case, therefore, in this case we have before us the connection management. And in another sentence - “Her eyes were blue” - this is already a possessive pronoun, which is unchangeable, therefore it is connected with the main word by means of adjunction.
Special abutment case
A special case of this type of connection is when the infinitive acts as a dependent word: "I demand to observe decency." In this sentence, the phrase “I demand to comply” is not a compound verb predicate, since this action is carried out by different persons (subjects): I demand it, but you / he / they will comply, etc., therefore, other persons / person in this case are a complement, not part of a compound predicate.
In complex sentences, allied words are relative pronouns of “whose,” “what,” “which,” “how much,” “what,” “who” in the forms of indirect cases (the same parts of speech in simple acts as interrogative), as well as adverbs how much, how, why, why, where, when, when, where, where - are also dependent in phrases with different types of communication.
To summarize
Thus, when determining what type an expression belongs to, you can use the following hint:
when agreeing, the main word for the dependent has three requirements - number, gender and case;
when managing, there is only one requirement - case;
when adjoining, nothing is required.
It will help you better remember information about what is the relationship of words in a phrase, a table.
| matching | control | adjoining |
| gender, number, case | case | - |