The grammar of the Russian language is interesting and complex. The school curriculum has many layers of syntax, morphology, word formation, which are difficult for students to perceive. A violation in the construction of sentences with the participle in circulation is one of the common mistakes made by students.
The concept of communion
Communion is the part of speech that combines morphological features of both the name of the adjective and the verb. Words that relate to the sacrament as part of speech answer the question of the adjective which? , and also, because of the verb-related semantics, what does he do to the questions ? What did he do? For example, a boy (what? What is doing?) Singing, a bunny (which? What did?) Jumped.
The participle has constant
grammatical signs of the verb: type, time, recurrence - and the variable signs of the adjective: number, gender, case.
A unique sign of the sacraments
A constant, unique sign of the sacrament is the category - real or passive. A word refers to the category of real participles, if it contains the semantics of the action by the subject itself: flying — flying himself, living — living himself, watching — looking himself, lying — lying himself . When the semantics of the word show that the action is not performed by the object itself, but occurs as a result of extraneous influence, then the word refers to passive participles. Next to passive participles, you can use a pronoun or noun in the instrumental case: narrated by someone, brought in by a tourist, closed by the wind, read by a student .
Communion phrase
There are some features of the construction of phrases and sentences with the participle.
Communion is consistent with a noun or pronoun in the same way as an adjective: in number, gender, case. For example, the
sparkling sea ,
due to the destructive wind ,
with a smiling girl ,
on swaying branches . For the correct setting of the ending in the sacrament, you need to ask him a question from the main word: the house (how
oh ?) Collapsed, raging across the sea (how
oh ?), About the wave (how
oh ?) Running to
her . The noun (pronoun) is connected with the participle according to the principle of coordination, where the dependent word is likened to the main one in number, gender, case.
The concept of participial turnover
The syntactic role of the participles is similar to the role of adjectives: they are often definitions, less often - part of the nominal predicate. In the sentence, the participle depends on the noun or pronoun: a tree (what?) Growing, it (what?) Planted. If the sacrament acts as the main word, that is, other words depend on the sacrament, then the sacrament appears.
Example and definition:
built (when?) Yesterday, singing (how?) Loudly, which means that the sacrament is communion with one's dependent word. The participle in the sentence is isolated (separated by commas) if it follows its main word or refers to a personal pronoun: The fence
painted by children has become brighter.
Beautifully dancing , he shone.
Involved sentences
In the works of students and the speech of the Russian-speaking population, a violation in the construction of sentences with the participle is often noticed. Being an exceptional syntactic construction, the participle in the sentence occupies a special place. There are norms for constructing sentences with participles. Firstly, the participle turnover should be used in the immediate vicinity of the main word, there should not be other members of the sentence between them.
| The misuse of the participle | Correct use of the participle turnover |
The book was lying on the table, read to the end. Father arrived in the city, upset by the unexpected news. | The book, read to the end, lay on the table. Father, upset by the unexpected news, arrived in the city. |
Secondly, the participle in the participle must be precisely coordinated with the main word. Incorrect approval is a violation in the construction of sentences with the participle turnover.
| The erroneous use of the sacrament | Proper use of the sacrament |
One of them, attracting their attention, passed by. Pupils helped a team of workers who came to sow them. | One of them, attracting attention, passed by. Pupils helped the team of workers who came to the sowing. |
Thirdly, the main word cannot break the participle circulation.
| The misuse of the participle | Correct use of the participle turnover |
The books read did not completely lie on the table. The completed drawing by the boy was sent to the exhibition. | Books not read to the end were on the table. The drawing made by the boy was sent to the exhibition. |
In the examination papers on the Russian language, there is a task for constructing sentences with the participle turnover. The rules of their correct use help to avoid common mistakes.
Separate definition and subordinate definitive
The participial turnover plays the syntactic role of a definition. A separate definition, which is expressed in the participle, is similar to a complex sentence with a subordinate definitive part. For example:
- The man who spoke to the people turned out to be a volunteer.
- The man who spoke to the people turned out to be a volunteer.
Despite the similarity of these structures, they cannot be homogeneous. A sentence where the participle turnover is used as a homogeneous member of the subordinate definitive part is considered incorrect, it is necessary to correct errors in it. The construction of a sentence with the participle turnover requires compliance with the rule: the participle turnover cannot be homogeneous in the subordinate definitive part. So, the proposal: The artist who gave the concert and who received the fee left the hotel - it is considered incorrect. You can fix it this way: The artist, who gave the concert and received the fee, left the hotel. Or so: The artist, who gave a concert and received a fee, left the hotel.
Complicated turn in a complex sentence
Not only in the test tasks there is a violation of the construction of the sentence with the participle turnover.
Examples of such a mistake can be found in the creative work of students, especially when using turnover in a complex sentence. For example, in a sentence:
An example solved by the whole class was so simple that when the teacher published an answer to it, everyone was confused - two mistakes were made in constructing a complex sentence. So, in the sentence, a real participle is used
which was decided instead of the necessary passive participle; in the sentence, two subordinate unions of
what and
when they stand side by side in the absence of
consistent subordination of subordinate clauses are a violation of the construction of a complex sentence.
Punctuation in sentences with participial circulation
There is also a punctuation violation in the construction of sentences with the participle turnover. Often participial circulation is a separate definition, highlighted by commas. For the correct placement of punctuation marks, it is necessary to follow the rules and standards for constructing phrases and sentences with the participle.
Separation of participial turnover| No. | The rule | Example |
| 1. | Communion is highlighted if it follows the main word | The forest, tired of the cold and wind, seemed gloomy. |
| 2. | Communion is highlighted if it depends on the personal pronoun. | Struck by the news, he began to dial a phone number. |
| 3. | Homogeneous participial turns separate together. | The sun, warming the earth and pleasing children, came out suddenly. |
| 4. | The participial turn that stands before the main word and has an additional meaning of reason is isolated. | Written in a remarkable style of the author, the short story was recognized everywhere. |
Job Sources
Question: "Where can I find exercises for the topic:" Errors in the construction and use of sentences with participial turns "?" - often asked by schoolchildren. Many manuals have been developed to prepare for final exams in the Russian language. They have theoretical material on the topic and practical tasks. Manuals are available in bookstores, where there are also separate collections with test items. More and more specialized sites are appearing on the pages of which you can find exercises for various topics and sections of Russian grammar.
Spelling Communions
The spelling of the endings of the participles is determined by the question asked from the main word. The spelling of suffixes in participles depends on the conjugation of the verb. The suffix - can be written in the real participle (present tense), if it is formed from the verb of the first conjugation, and the suffixes - asch (-y) , if formed from the verb of the second conjugation. For example, cherish (1 conjugation) - nurturing, build (2 conjugation) - building. The real participles (of the past tense) before the suffix -w- retain the suffix that was in the infinitive to convey: sow sow, sow , hate , hate. Passive participle (present) requires the suffix -em , if it is formed from the verb of the first conjugation, and the suffix -im , if from the second: read (1 conjugation) - readable, hear (2 conjugation) - audible. It is common for passive participles (in the past tense) to preserve the infinitive suffix before the suffix -nn : say and be - said, sow to be sown . If the passive participle is formed from a verb with the suffix -– or the suffix -–, then it will have the suffix -en : offend - offended, cut down - sawn off.