Posad - what is it? As a rule, the interpretation of the word is difficult. This is due to the fact that in modern speech this linguistic unit is used infrequently. Details that this is a posad will be described in the article.
Dictionary word
The meaning of “posad” is as follows.
- Firstly, in the 9th-13th centuries in Russia, part of the city located outside its walls, where commercial and industrial facilities were located.
- Secondly, the so-called village, suburb or suburb.
- Thirdly, it is also a series of houses in the village that form a street or one of its sides.
- Fourthly, this is the name of the wedding ceremony for such Slavic peoples as Russians, Poles, Bulgarians. The latter call him "buchka".
Further on the meanings of this word will be described in more detail.
Protected by ramparts
The original posad, also called the hem, was a territory populated by posad people. It was located outside the princely, church, boyar settlement, which, for example, were the Kremlin, monastery, detinets, central fortification, and was protected by the walls of the latter. And also it was that part of the city to which he grew. There were craft settlements and a marketplace. In a later period, “posad” already means an ordinary city that is not a county town.
In literature, you can find other names. For example, “Posad” is both a “suburb” and now obsolete “barrier”. When there were invasions or wars, fortifications of fortresses and monasteries were used by the population of the suburbs as a refuge. As their territory expanded, they themselves began to be surrounded by fortifications. These were ditches, ramparts, wooden or stone walls. Thus, fortified cities began to appear.
Examples of villages that have become fortified cities near the Moscow Kremlin are Kitay Gorod, Zemlyanoy and Bely. “Posadsky” - that was the name of the special estate of the inhabitants of the posad. Later it was transformed into merchants, artisans, guilds, philistines. In accordance with the Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1649, they were attached to the suburbs, like the peasants to their arable land. Initially, they had freedom - they could go to other classes.
Pavlovsky Posad
This is a city in the Moscow region, located at the confluence of Klyazma and Vohna, with a population of about sixty-five thousand people. All over the world they admire Pavlovo Posad shawls and shawls made here. From the time the factory was founded until the seventies of the last century, wooden carved shapes were used to apply the pattern to the fabric. To create a scarf, it was necessary to make about four hundred overlays.
Then they began to use not wooden, but silk and nylon mesh patterns. This allowed to increase the elegance of the picture, the number of colors and improve the quality of production. The pattern of scarves developed, starting from standard patterns inherent in the fabrics of the Moscow region and gravitating to oriental shawls with the so-called Turkish pattern.
Since the seventies of the nineteenth century there is a tendency to expand the range with the presence of naturalistic floral motifs. Preference is given to garden flowers, primarily dahlias and roses.
In the late 19th - early 20th century, the style of scarves is finalized. This is a three-dimensional image of flowers arranged in bouquets on a red or black background. They are made of thick woolen or translucent fabric. In 1937, the Pavlovoposad manufactory took part in the World Exhibition of Industrial and Artistic Products in Paris. And in 1958, in Brussels, at the World Exhibition, her shawls received the Big Gold Medal.
In conclusion, another meaning of the word “posad” will be considered.
Wedding custom
It consists of the following. Before the ceremony, the bride and her friends are solemnly seated in the front corner. The Bulgarians put the bride and her friends in the right corner in the hut, which they call the “little girl,” on the eve of the wedding, on Saturday.
The Avars have very similar customs. This is one of the indigenous Caucasian peoples, which historically lives in Nagorno-Dagestan, and is also found in northern Azerbaijan and eastern Georgia. In modern Dagestan, it is the most numerous. Another wedding custom "posad" is found among other peoples of the Caucasus.
The Russian historian of the 19th century, N. I. Kostomarov, saw in him a reflection of an ancient custom, when the prince was put on a table when he took office. But there is another version, according to which, the basis of the "posada" is an ancient religious rite.