Morphology as a branch of linguistics is knowledge about the word and its components. The definition of a linguist V.V. is considered capacious . Vinogradov on what morphology is in the Russian language: he called it the grammatical doctrine of the word. That is, it is a science that studies the grammatical features of a word. These include: belonging to a certain part of speech, variability of form and grammatical meaning.
Subject of morphology
Language as a science is a complex combination of elements with different properties and sizes. The smallest building material of such a system is a word that possesses and changes not only its lexical meaning (that is, meaning), but also its grammatical meaning - case, number, gender. In contrast to the lexical meaning, grammatical is inherent in a certain number of word forms united by a homogeneous attribute, for example, the verb tense or the number of nouns.
The grammatical meaning of the word is what morphology studies in Russian. Since she is interested in the technical characteristics of the word, it will be important in the framework of this area of linguistics, the idea of the parts of speech. It is also an important subject for morphological study.
Word sciences
Linguistics has about ten main sections, studying Russian from various angles. Morphology, spelling, morphemic, word formation, lexicography and orthoepy are sciences that specialize in the word as the main object of study.
Morphology is inextricably linked with other language sciences. Since the word is an inseparable connection of lexical and grammatical meanings, it is impossible to consider its word forms in isolation from the characteristics of semantics - the subject of lexicology. Spelling, like morphology, is interested in the grammatical meaning of the word, as it explores the correct spelling of words. For example, to apply the rule of alternating vowels in the root, it is worth considering part of the speech of the word. The syntax is guided by the rules for making sentences and phrases, again consisting of words with a specific lexical and grammatical meaning.
The conceptual apparatus of morphology
What is morphology? The Russian language uses the terms “word form” and “token” to define a word as a unit of morphological analysis. The word form is a word with a specific set of grammatical characteristics in the text. A token is a collection of word forms with the same lexical meaning.
The word forms are ordered in the language by means of a paradigm - a list of all word forms presented in the form of a diagram. Paradigms are nominal and verbal. The first type includes categories of completeness / brevity of form, declension and degrees of comparison of adjectives. Verbal paradigms illustrate the formation of verbs according to moods, numbers, faces and tenses.
Another kind of paradigm is complete and incomplete. In the first case, the word has all possible word forms, such as, for example, “home”, “field”, in the second - not all. Words that are used exclusively in the plural (points, vacations) have an incomplete paradigm, since they are devoid of singular forms. And strictly singular words reduce their paradigm by six case plural forms. An excess is called a paradigm, the number of word forms in which exceeds their number in full. This happens with words that have variable forms: from the verb "spray" you can form in the present tense two forms - "spray" and "spray". An excess paradigm arises most often due to the fact that the old form of the word has remained in use, while a new invariant has formed.
Another type of paradigm is crossing. It arises if the forms of the paradigm of one word partially coincide with the same paradigm of another word. It is most common among adjectives of masculine and neuter gender.
Russian language lesson
Morphology at school is presented in several stages at various stages of training. The first acquaintance takes place even in elementary school, when the significant parts of words and the main parts of speech are studied. Information is gradually being introduced on paradigms, which are the basis for teaching morphology, specializing in the analysis of various parts of speech.
What is morphology in Russian? Such a scientific statement of the question is inherent in the course of grades 7-8, when all parts of speech are examined more thoroughly. Pupils learn grammatical signs of nominal, verb and further - official parts of speech.
Morphology in the Russian language of the school is one of the most important sections, focusing on a large number of academic hours. Since school education is focused on the development of communication skills in children, an understanding of the structure of the native language and its functioning is an important condition for the successful implementation of speech competence.
What is morphology? In Russian, this is the basis on which competent speech and successful communication are built.