Depending on various conditions, the number of interlocutors, the audience, the situation and other factors, several types of speech are distinguished. All of them, of course, have a certain similarity.
There are several forms of speech, each of which refers to either oral or written.
Speech classification
Oral or written speech in Russian is sound. The signs on the letter express not only the immediate meaning, but also convey the sound composition of the words. For non-hieroglyphic languages, writing is just a kind of presentation of oral speech.
Like a musician who plays a melody using notes, the speaker converts written speech into spoken. Any reader of the text speaks almost the same sound series.
Written and oral broadcasting perform different functions. Oral speech often includes conversation or conversation, this also includes public speaking, lectures, interviews. Written is more formal, business or scientific in nature.
Conversational spoken language has a situational character. Some interlocutors understand each other perfectly. Written text requires substantial content, a logically structured exposition. The text is made strictly according to plan, adhering to all language laws. While oral colloquial speech flows by itself, and the interlocutors have the opportunity to direct it in the right direction.
The classification of types of speech depends on several factors, such as the field of activity, the way of expression, the medium and the number of interlocutors.
Dialog
The features of speech in this case are that there are two talking people, if more, this phenomenon is called a polylogue. The main thing is that all remarks are united by one theme and idea. Dialogue is a way of exchanging opinions. Each replica follows from the previous one and is its logical continuation. The nature of the dialogue depends on the communication code of the communicants. There are three main types of such interaction: dependence, equality and cooperation.
Each dialogue has its own structure:
- conception;
- main part;
- ending.
From a theoretical point of view, dialogues are unlimited, since their last part always remains open, but in practice any dialogue has an end.
Acting as the primary form of communication, it represents spontaneous speech. Even in the preparation of a scientific discussion, the speaker cannot think through each remark, because the reaction of the audience is not always obvious.
In order for the dialogue to take place, an information base of its participants is required, as well as a slight gap in the knowledge of the speakers. Lack of information affects the productivity of speech.
Depending on the goals, objectives, and roles of the interlocutors, these types of dialogue are distinguished:
- domestic;
- interview;
- business conversation, etc.
Monologue
This term refers to a detailed statement of only one person. A monologue is a focused message that needs to be conveyed to a group of people. It is also a conscious appeal to listeners or readers, depending on the form of presentation.
There are also monologues that are not aimed at a specific person, but occur in private with oneself. In this case, they do not cause any response.
The following types of book monologue are widespread:
- art speech;
- judicial;
- scientific.
Monologues can be unprepared and pre-thought out.
One person’s public appearance is speech. Speech classification in this case looks like this:
- Informational. The monologue serves as a tool for transferring knowledge. In this case, the speaker takes into account the intellectual capabilities of his listeners. This type includes lectures, reports, reports, messages.
- Convincing. A speech that addresses emotions. In this case, the speaker takes into account the sensitivity of his audience. This includes congratulations, parting words and other solemn speeches.
- Prompting. A performance aimed at encouraging listeners to take action. This includes political statements, appeals, or protests.
The most common form of public speaking is monologue. The classification of speech according to the degree of preparedness looks like this:
From the point of view of psychology, a monologue is somewhat more complicated than dialogue, especially for the speaker. To make the presentation clear, understandable and not boring, there are a number of requirements:
- coherent presentation of thoughts;
- consistent and intelligible speech;
- compliance with language standards;
- focus on intellectual and other features of the audience;
- the need to take into account the mental state of students;
- full control over yourself.
Writing
The main difference between written and oral speech is the medium. In the first case, this is a sheet of paper, a computer, in the second - air waves through which sound travels. However, the psychological component varies much more significantly.
Oral speech is a chain in which one word follows strictly the previous one. There is a peculiarity: when the following thought sounds, what was said earlier is already forgotten by both the speaker and the listener. In written speech, the reader can at any time go back and even look into the future lines of the message. The only exception here is material that is given in parts (a book consisting of several volumes, or a column in a newspaper, where one article follows from the previous one).
This feature provides certain advantages of writing over oral. In addition, visualization of the text helps to assimilate the material completely, stopping and understanding in each paragraph.
For the writer, too, has its advantages. At any time, the author can edit and correct his material, give it a clear structure, without worrying about the loss of important information. He has the opportunity to add aesthetics to his text, re-read it and think about how this work will affect the reader, what impression he will make. While the speaker speaking from the rostrum cannot be sure that 100% of the information will be absorbed by the audience.
But, on the other hand, a person’s written speech is a more complex process that requires a special competent approach. Another difficulty is that the only means of expressiveness in writing is punctuation, while in the oral version it is intonation, gestures, facial expressions, articulation.
The main examples of writing speeches are books in which the characters communicate through dialogues / polylogues, as well as informative monologues.
Colloquial speech
The main initial form of oral speech is that which proceeds in the form of conversation, conversation. It’s called colloquial names. Psychologically, this is the simplest form of speech. She does not need a detailed exposition, often the interlocutor in the process understands his opponent. In conversation, context plays an important role. Because thanks to him, talkers can replace words, reducing spoken phrases.
This type of speech allows the use of non-literary language. Here jargonisms, neologisms, professionalisms, dialects, and even foul language are often found.
Active speech
Active and passive speech can be distinguished depending on the role of the listener. The classification of speech in this case depends on how the opponent's speaker behaves.
He who listens also makes an effort to understand what they say to him and what thought they are trying to convey to him. An interesting fact: when a person listens, he additionally scrolls everything he heard in his head. Thanks to this, the spoken words circulate in the mind. Outwardly, this does not manifest itself. Moreover, the listener can be both active and completely indifferent. On the basis of which the above classification of the types of speech is carried out, its active and passive forms are distinguished.
Active speech is very spontaneous, it comes from the inside. In this case, a person pronounces aloud what comes to his head.
Passive speech
Passive speech is a form in which the listener repeats the words behind his interlocutor, usually within himself. But there are times when this repetition breaks out and a person follows his active opponent. The peculiarities of speech in this case are that the narrator very successfully copes with his mission, impressing the audience.
Kinetic speech
Speech through movements in humans has been preserved since ancient times. Initially, this was almost the only way to communicate and transmit important information. Since then, much has changed. Now the kinetic form of speech is used to enhance the effect. Gestures give expressiveness to communication, set up listeners in the right way.
But nowadays, a group of people who use kinetic speech as the main means of communication has survived. These are deaf-mute people who need sign language for life. It is worth noting that since the time of ancient man, kinetic speech has been transformed, modernized and enriched.
External speech
This variety is directly related to the communication process. It does not matter whether the speaker participates in a polylogue or dialogue, or whether he speaks a monologue, all this is a manifestation of external speech. In other words, its main feature is the words that are pronounced aloud. The role of speech in this case is to give an information message to one person or group of people.
Inner speech
Inner speech is the core of a person’s thinking, his conscious activity. In other words, this is a man’s speech that no one hears except him. Sometimes during this process various interjections or other exclamations break out. It can be determined that a person is puzzled by something and an eloquent dialogue (monologue) is conducted inside him.
Examples of speeches of this type are common. Many people engage in internal dialogues, convincing themselves of something, proving something to themselves, or simply encouraging them for certain actions.
Direct speech
Almost any competent conversation involves referring to the primary sources of thoughts. So, to prove his case, the speaker relies on the opinions of great people, professionals in any field or any other authority. To confirm the authenticity of the words mentioned, quotes or direct speech are often used.
Any scientific work, public address, lecture, interview, etc., need to be quoted from authoritative sources. Direct speech is the best way to include such sources in the text.
In oral speech, the borders of quotations are indicated by special words and are emphasized by intonation, in writing there are punctuation marks.
Speech Styles
A style is a historically developed system of language means, as well as ways to organize them. Each area of ​​human activity corresponds to a specific style of speech.
All of them are characterized by the following factors:
- the area in which the style is applied;
- main functions;
- leading style features;
- language features;
- specific forms or genres.
The most common means of communication is speech. Speech classification can also be done by style. It is divided into book and colloquial. In turn, book speech is subdivided into four more common types: artistic, scientific, official-business, and journalistic. Any of these styles is a grammatical speech that belongs to a particular field of activity.
Literary works, which are rich in epithets, metaphors, and other expressive means, belong to fiction.
Articles and materials published on the pages of periodicals are related to the journalistic style . Here the analytical character of speech takes place.
Scientific style includes articles, annotations, treatises, essays, textbooks, dissertations.
The official business is the basis of documentation in each field of activity. It includes statements, reports, reports, explanatory notes, receipts, etc.
The classification of speech styles in each language looks the same. Only some of the features differ that in each nation are formed due to the rich history and traditions.