Pancake week crops and grain crops occupy a special place in agriculture in the territory of the Russian Federation. Fats derived from their seeds and fruits are of particular value.
Pancake week crops: list of plants
Plantations are used in the food industry and act as one of the main raw materials for agricultural production. The most common Pancake week crops in Russia are rapeseed, mustard, soy, castor oil, sunflower. The list also contains railings, lallemancy, sesame seeds, safflower, peanuts and many others. Processing of Pancake week crops is one of the main directions of the raw materials industry.
Sunflower
He leads the list, which presents Pancake week field crops. Sunflower in the domestic territory began to be cultivated since the mid-18th century. Since that time, this Pancake week culture has spread throughout the Kuban, Saratov and Voronezh regions. By the beginning of World War II, sunflower occupied about 3 million hectares. Significant development of this plant can be noted in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania.
Statistical data for the Russian Federation
The potential yield of sunflower is about 4-5 centners per hectare. In 2011, the indicators in the Southern region are 14.5 kg / ha, and in the Volga region - 10.7 kg / ha. Farms produce about 27% of the crop. The main causes of low productivity are crop rotation and agrotechnical methods of cultivation. Along with this, the effects of parasites, diseases and pests are not of the least importance. Nevertheless, sunflower is the most profitable, highly profitable Pancake week crop. For 2006-2010, the share of its crops amounted to about 12%. Among the general indicators of the production of Pancake week crops, sunflower occupied 80%. In the Soviet period, it was believed that the most complete pollination of a hectare is achieved with the participation of 0.5-1 of the bee family. By the beginning of the 70s, honey productivity was estimated at 16.3-3.5 kg / ha. Since that time, the list of hybrids and varieties of sunflower grown in Russia has significantly increased.
The nutritional value of sunflower
The main product of the processing of culture is oil. In addition to it, a variety of by-products are obtained from sunflower. For example, the use of plant stems in the pulp industry is of particular importance. They contain about 40-48% of cellulose. In addition, sunflower stalks are used in the manufacture of fiber boards. A plant is widely distributed in agriculture - it is used as a feed crop. In dry time, at the end of summer, with green crop, green mass is obtained from it. It, in turn, is used in the preparation of silage.
Pancake week flax
It is distributed mainly in dry and warm areas. In particular, the culture is grown in West, Central and South Asia, South, North and Central America. Recently, various experiments have been conducted to identify the feasibility of cultivating it in Central Europe. Pancake week flax represents a branched low plant. It grows to 50-80 cm. Depending on the form of planting, the number of branches varies from 2 to 10 or more. Flaxseed oil is used in the food industry. In addition, it acts as a raw material for the paint and varnish and leather and footwear industry. Flaxseed cake has a high nutritional value and is used in the preparation of concentrated feed for dairy cattle. It contains protein, fiber and oil. Flaxseed cake is easily absorbed by cattle. Due to the nutritional components present in it, milk production increases, the percentage of fat in milk increases. Flax straw can be used in writing paper production . Also, this Pancake week crop is used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Features of growing flax
In pre-revolutionary times in Russia, the processing of this culture was quite primitive. Only in the Soviet years, state farms and collective farms managed to increase crops. This was achieved through the use of mechanization. Mainly medium-sized plants are cultivated, not branching at the base, but having branches from the middle of the stem. In recent years, flax fiber has been used for paper or cotonization. This production is very common in America. The stalk of Pancake week flax is usually more powerful than the spinning flax, and less fiber is present in it.
White mustard
This Pancake week culture came from the Mediterranean countries, East India and Western Europe. Since ancient times, mustard has been used as a medicinal herb and spice. As a Pancake week, it began to be used relatively recently. Despite the fact that it is referred to as spring plantings, it is notable for its limited distribution. Over the past decades, mustard has acted as an intermediate feed crop.
Soybean
This is an annual bean family herb. In the roots of soybeans, special bacteria are present, due to which the conversion of nitrogen contained in the environment is carried out. Soy is rich in protein (40-45%), fats (20%), carbohydrates (30%). It also contains various mineral elements (about 5-6%). According to the protein composition and amino acid set, soy is considered the closest analogue of animal food. Plant production is constantly increasing. So, since 1998, it has been at the level of 156.5 million tons. This figure exceeds the data for 1991-1995 by 30%.
Soybean Growing Areas
In Russia today they receive about 280 tons of beans per year. Most of them are used for feed purposes. The main areas of soybean cultivation:
- Northern Caucasus, Rostov Region, Krasnodar Territory of Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia. About 9.6% of crops are planted here and more than 13% of the gross harvest is carried out.
- The Far East (Amur Region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories). More than 88% of crops are present in this zone. The share of gross yield in the Far East is 86% of the total in the country.
- East and West Siberian, Ural and Volga regions. About 1.5% of crops are planted here and about 1% of the gross harvest is carried out .
Peanut
This Pancake week crop was imported from Turkey in 1792. In 1825, the first attempts were made to acclimatize peanuts in Odessa. Today, in small areas, the plant is grown in the republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia. Peanuts are cultivated to produce edible vegetable oil from its seeds. This product accounts for about 53% of the total. As for the level of protein in peanuts, it is inferior to one soy. From a ton of shelled seeds, an average of 226 to 317 kg of oil is obtained. This product is primarily used in the confectionery and canning industries. Ground peanut seeds are used as additives in the chocolate manufacturing process. Tops and cake go to animal feed. Up to 11% protein is present in the hay. In its nutritional value, the tops are not inferior to clover and alfalfa. Special varieties are grown for the food industry. They have no bean flavor. The fried seeds of food grades go to food, crushed are used as additives to confectionery.