One of the main norms for creating rational working conditions in enterprises is lighting. Incorrect distribution or insufficient amount of this factor can cause fatigue of workers, which leads to a decrease in working capacity. Industrial lighting can be divided into several different categories. First of all, the distribution depends on the radiation source and is divided into:
- natural;
- artificial
- combined.
Daylight
This industrial lighting is provided by a natural light source - the sun's rays, as well as other light streams scattered in the atmosphere . It is the most favorable option, because the human eye is more adapted to such a light source. As for industrial premises, natural lighting in them can be carried out in the following ways:
- upper - the flow of fluxes is produced due to light lamps in the ceilings;
- lateral - light enters the room from window openings;
- mixed - combines both of the previous methods.
Lighting industrial premises only with a natural view is not able to create the level of illumination that is necessary, because it has a number of disadvantages.
- Changes in weather conditions - increased cloudiness or precipitation, as well as the dark time of the day, significantly complicate the working conditions.
- The specific location of the openings, due to the construction of the building, cannot ensure uniform penetration of light.
- In direct sunlight, glare can be caused, which is unacceptable for safety reasons.
Artificial lighting
The disadvantages of natural light sources are filled with artificial lighting, which can be used in two systems:
- general, the main task of which is to fully illuminate the entire room;
- combined - general and local lighting are combined in this system. The second carries the function of focusing the light flux to workplaces or certain mechanisms and parts of equipment.
Important! Lighting industrial buildings only due to the artificial appearance is unacceptable.
Designated lighting is divided into:
- Working. It is necessary to ensure a continuous technological process. It is used when there is a lack of natural light or its absence.
- Emergency The presence of this species should be provided in case of a sudden stop of mechanisms caused by:
- prolonged violation of the process;
- emergency (explosion, fire, mass poisoning);
- risk of injury in crowded places;
- interruptions in the functioning of production life support facilities - pumping stations, power plants, dispatching, ventilation systems, fire rescue posts and many others, the presence of which depends on the characteristics of production.
Also, such lighting should be provided in case of evacuation of people, it should be located:
- on the territory of workshops in which the number of workers is more than 100 people;
- on stairs and walkways that are provided for evacuation;
- in industrial premises in which interruption of working lighting can injure workers;
- in dangerous places for people to pass.
Emergency lighting must be individually connected to a power source, independent of the worker. This is necessary in order to ensure timely switching on when the operating voltage suddenly turns off.
Sources of artificial lighting
The following devices are used as a lighting source:
- Well-known incandescent lamps, they are sources of thermal radiation. Such lamps have limited use in production, as they distort color perception. But nevertheless they find their application due to the simplicity of connection and operation under various environmental influences.
- Luminescent lamps - the glow occurs due to an electric discharge that occurs in gases or vapors. Such lamps are divided into several types depending on the pressure and the internal environment used. The use of gas discharge lamps is due to several parameters:
- profitability due to lower energy consumption;
- lack of thermal radiation from a light source;
- uniform distribution of light flux in all illuminated areas;
- high light output;
- close to the natural light spectrum.
Industrial lighting, in which such lamps are used, has, of course, disadvantages:
- optimal temperature operation from 15ºC to 25ºC;
- limited use in hazardous areas;
- blinding effect;
- noise from chokes.
LED lamp. Their use has become increasingly relevant in recent times. Industrial LED lighting has several advantages with respect to fluorescent and incandescent lamps:
- economical energy consumption;
- resistance to voltage drops;
- high degree of protection against moisture and dust;
- the possibility of using hazardous explosions in factories;
- minimized ripple;
- natural color reproduction;
- the long term of operation cancels constant replacement of lamps;
- environmental friendliness.
Artificial lighting for industrial use can only be used in combination with local lighting in production facilities. Using it as a single option is possible only if it is provided for by the norms of the technological process. This applies mainly to laboratory facilities, in which it is important to observe a special microclimate.
Combined lighting
This option is the most rational solution and is used for most industrial premises. The combined look combines the natural and artificial lighting of industrial plants. To ensure comfortable working conditions during the design, the basic parameters of the illumination in the premises should be taken into account:
- Maintaining within the gloss level. This is an increased brightness of the surfaces, which leads to a violation of the functions of vision.
- The uniformity of the distribution of brightness. Non-compliance with this parameter causes fatigue and reduces performance. It is characterized by a coefficient of unevenness, which is determined by the ratio of the illumination of the maximum value to the minimum value.
- Limiting the entry of shadows, the presence of which leads to sharp changes in brightness. The greatest danger to human vision is moving shadows.
- Maximum prevention of fluctuations in luminous flux. They can cause voltage drops in the network or the flickering of discharge lamps.
Outdoor industrial lighting
All of the above species are for indoor use. But on production sites, outdoor lighting is extremely important . It provides good security and protection of the adjacent areas of industrial buildings. For outdoor lighting, you can use any light sources. But considering that they should work productively all night time, the question first of all arises of profitability and good light output. Of course, LED lighting will be a priority.
There are special recommendations for the use of outdoor lighting :
- Industrial street lighting should have a separate wire connection system.
- The coefficient of uneven illumination of industrial sites of automobile and railway entrances should not exceed 15.
- To limit glare, the height of the luminaire must be provided in accordance with the regulations.