A very important role in the Russian language is played by stresses, indicating a change in intonation in the spoken and changing the meaning of the spoken words. Emphasis is able to emphasize the primary and secondary in speech. Its absence, on the other hand, shows speechlessness and emotionlessness in experiences. These conditions, in turn, are indirect symptoms of psychological diseases or deviations in the speech apparatus, delays in its development. Therefore, it is very important to know what stress is, its types, and also to be able to correctly apply it in Russian. This definition refers to the section of phonetics, which deals with the study of sounds in language and speech.
Definition
What is stress? This is the sound and intonation of a particular speech component. On this basis, they are as follows:
- Logical stress - emphasizing words in syntagma.
- Syntagmatic - highlight syntagma in a phrase.
- Word stress - emphasizing a syllable in a word.
It is with the latter species that we have to face constantly. The correct pronunciation of phrases implies the error-free accentuation in individual words.
Types of Accents
Stresses are divided by the method of extracting a syllable from a measure or a word:
- Power (dynamic) stress - the allocation of a syllable occurs with the help of expiratory force.
- Tonic - syllable is distinguished by the movement of the tone of voice.
- Quantitative - the allocation of a syllable occurs with the help of a long sound.
- Qualitative - there is a change in the sound of an unstressed sound.
Typically, stresses are not completely pure; one type is usually accompanied by another. However, one of them is predominant.
In English, Czech, Russian and other languages, usually dynamic stress is found. In turn, tonic stress is more common in Chinese, Lithuanian and some other languages.
Dynamic stress is weak and strong. In Russian, a strong dynamic is common. To pronounce the stressed syllable, a force is used that is pushed out by a stream of air from the lungs. Unstressed syllables change and weaken, because they no longer have exhalation forces. When the sound of unstressed syllables changes, this process is called reduction.
Accent
It is very important to be able to put emphasis in any word correctly, as it can be put in different places. On this basis distinguish:
- Fixed - it is located on a specific syllable.
- Free, which is otherwise called heterogeneous. It can fall on any syllable in a word, because it is not associated with any particular place in the word. This stress is used, for example, in Russian and English.
In turn, free stress is divided into two subtypes:
- Free constant. It should be noted that such stress always falls on the same syllable in various forms of a particular word. Most Russian words have, as a rule, a constant stress.
- Free movable. It is known that such an emphasis falls on different syllables in different forms of one word. For example: pee and pee.
Free movable stress in the Russian language is a phonological tool and performs a meaning-distinguishing function. For example: zamok and zamok.
As a rule, each word in Russian has one stress. Sometimes some independent, as well as official words do not have their own stress and adjoin some neighboring word as enclitics and proclitics.
Enclitics include some particles: tell me. Sometimes some independent words can also be attributed to them: to take by the hair.
Proclitics include particles, conjunctions, monosyllables. Certain monosyllabic prepositions in combination with some nouns can pull the stress on themselves, while the next word becomes unstressed. For example: by the hand, missing.
Three-syllable and two-syllable service words can be low impact or unstressed. Words that are formed by adding together more than two foundations are commonly called polysyllabic. They, as a rule, along with one stress can also have a side stress. The main syllable always falls on the stressed syllable of the last stem of such a word, and the secondary stress falls at its beginning. For example: a broadcast. Small in volume complex words do not have a side stress: a gardener.
Consistent use of stress in a word
In the given grammatical forms, linguistic dictionaries, in ambiguous headings, in texts for foreigners studying the Russian language, as well as in ambiguous heading words of various reference books and dictionaries, the consistent use of the accent mark is used. This allows you to learn and read words correctly.
Selective use of stress in a word.
The accent mark is also used selectively in ordinary texts. It is correctly used in the following cases:
- Used to prevent incorrect recognition of the word. For example: I learn, roads, then.
- It is used to formulate the correct stress in words that are poorly known: yukola, Fermi.
- Used to prevent the pronunciation of the word: grenadier.
Correct or erroneous accentuation in words can significantly distort the meaning of what has been said, along with the incorrect use of punctuation marks.