In poetry, various stylistic and rhetorical figures (epithets, paths, metaphors, allegories, etc.) are used to enhance the impact. One of them in speech is anaphora - this is mononomy. What it is, you can find out by reading this article.
Anafora: what is it? Examples of using this speech figure
What is this stylistic figure for? Anaphora is a particular word or sounds repeated at the beginning of a verse, several stanzas or hemistices. They are needed to fasten the speech segments and give the whole poem expressiveness and brightness. This term is derived from the ancient Greek word ἀναφορά, which means "removal." For example, in the poem by Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin “Autumn” you can find the anaphora “Already”, which is repeated at the beginning of the first two stanzas. It enhances the sensation of the signs of the approaching autumn. After reading the poem with anaphora "already," a dreary feeling arises from the approach of a damp and cold pore.
Anaphore Examples
Like any other repetition, these stylistic figures, regardless of their location, bring a certain zest to the poem, great expressiveness, as if directing attention to a particular word or thought. The same applies to other stylistic and rhetorical figures, but, unlike, for example, epithets or paths, anaphora is a figure of speech, which has its strict location - the initial position. Similar tricks exist in music. Here is another example of anaphora that can be found in Vysotsky:
"In order not to fall into the trap,
In order not to get lost in the dark ...
... Draw a plan on the map. "
In this case, the word "to" as if lists all the hardships that can be encountered if you do not draw a plan.
Varieties of anaphora
This stylistic figure has several varieties, namely:
1. Sound anaphora are repeating combinations of the same sounds. For example, in the poem of A. S. Pushkin at the beginning of the line, not a word is repeated, but only its first three letters: "The bridges demolished by storm, coffins from a blurred cemetery ..."
2. Morphemic. In this case, the repetition of morphemes (root) or other parts of the word is used. Here, at the beginning of the lines of the poem by Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov, "... a black-eyed girl, a black-maned horse! .." the root of "black" is repeated. But not the whole word.
3. Lexical . In this case, whole words are repeated. Here is an example of a similar anaphora: "Winds did not blow in vain; thunderstorm did not go in vain." By the way, this species is the most common anaphora in literature. This can be seen from the school course on this subject. In the textbooks on literature, regardless of the time of their publication, one can always find poems by Athanasius Fet, he is truly a master at using these stylistic figures.
Here is an excerpt from one of his poems: "I came to you with greetings, to tell that the sun has risen, .. to tell that the forest has woken up ..." Here the word "tell" is a lexical anaphora.
4. Syntactic . Besides repeating words and combinations of sounds, repeating syntactic constructions is also an anaphora. For example, "Am I wandering ..., am I sitting ..., am I coming in ...".
5. Strophic . Repetition can be at the beginning of each of the stanzas, and this can be either a single word or a phrase, in most cases an exclamation point. For example: "Earth! .. From the moisture of the snow ... Earth! .. She runs, runs."
6. The stanco-syntactic anaphora is a kind of stylistic figure that is similar in principle to the previous one, but here at the beginning of the stanza a repeated sentence is put with some semantic changes, for example: "Until the machine gun is hungry ... until the commander is guarded ... "
By the way, anaphora is also a literary device in which all the words in a poem begin with the same sound. For example: "Radiant linen loves to sculpt ..."
Epiphora, or stylistic figure, opposite to anaphora. What's this?
Unlike anaphora, the epiphora is not a repetition at the beginning of a verse or stanza, but, on the contrary, at the end. Thanks to her, a rhyme is obtained: "Here the guests have come ashore, Prince Guidon calls them to visit ...". Epiphora, like anaphora, is a stylistic figure. She gives this literary work (poem, poem, ballad) expression, brightness, sharpness. Thanks to this figure of speech, a rhyme is created.
Types of Epiphor
Epiphora has several varieties. It can be of the following types:
1. Grammar . When at the end of identical segments the same sounds are repeated, for example, were friends - lived, etc., then we are dealing with grammatical epiphora.
2. Lexical . In poetry, the same word can sometimes be repeated at the end of each stanza. This is the lexical epiphora. This stylistic figure can be found in the poem by A. S. Pushkin "Save me, my talisman." Here at the end of each verse the word "talisman" is repeated.
3. Semantic epiphora. This type of stylistic figures is distinguished by the fact that not words and combinations of sounds are repeated, but synonymous words.
4. Rhetorical . This stylistic device is often used in folklore, for example, in a song about geese - "... one white, the other gray - two funny gooses." This construction, consisting of two lines, is found at the end of each of the verses.
Conclusion
Anaphora is a mononomy. She is such a stylistic figure that gives a poem or speech of individual characters (in a poem) special semantic and linguistic expressiveness by repeating words, combinations of sounds, phrases, as well as sentences at the beginning of a line, stanza or couplet.