As a rule, industry is differentiated into two main groups - mining and processing (manufacturing).
Mining systems include enterprises engaged in the extraction of various types of raw materials, minerals and energy resources. Products are represented by diverse groups:
- products obtained as a result of agricultural activities - grain, barley, potatoes;
- logging institutions - wood;
- fisheries - various types of fishing;
- mining - iron ore, coal, diamonds, gold;
- energy - production of gas, oil, shale, peat, etc.
General characteristics of processing systems
The manufacturing industry is based on the manufacture of equipment, the production of chemicals, the smelting of metal and the processing of energy raw materials. By the number of enterprises in one industry, the technological level of production systems, the employed contingent of workers and territorial development, this industry is the leading one.
Obtaining finished products that meet the requirements of customers and consumers is a complex task of the mining and processing parts of the industry.
Manufacturing Development
A sharp jump in the creation and distribution of industrial enterprises occurred due to a number of historically established factors. These include changes in demographics, growing needs for goods and services, an excess of capital and the level of technology. The first innovations of the late 18th and early 19th centuries allowed the creation of factories and plants that became the prototype of modern systems. The presence of a powerful raw material base and affordable energy resources (coal), gave the prerequisites for the emergence of the first industrial revolution in Western Europe. The construction of steam engines and the first experiments in the field of electrical engineering made it possible to sharply increase the scale of production. This spurred the development of industrialization processes.
For example, the development of deposits in the Urals required the creation of plants and factories (metallurgical plants, chemical plants). To transport the extracted resources and processed semi-finished products, railways with car repair depots were designed. A further increase in production capacity required the creation of car-building enterprises.
Distinctive features
To the manufacturing industry, it is customary to include any activity related to the change in various properties of materials (mechanical, physical, etc.), and the result of which are new products.
Processing subsystems have such characteristic properties:
- the presence of products (materials, items, semi-finished products, components) that have already been subjected in the past to certain effects of labor;
- are the basis for increasing the productivity of social labor;
- determine the level of industrial development of the state (industry);
- Express the progressive development of the structure of a single industry;
- affect related industries;
- allow to intensify economic development;
- directly affect the level of demand for products in the state, etc.
Key classification features
Over the entire period of development of the manufacturing industry, a large number of different classifications were considered, depending on the focus and emphasis on the basic elements of production systems. As a result, the following groups of signs appeared:
- level of development of production technology;
- types of products;
- types of sales;
- the scale of resources needed for production;
- types of raw materials;
- placement in space.
The differentiation of structural elements in terms of the degree of development of technology is based on the intensity of scientific research (development) and the percentage of costs in the total gross product of the state (GDP).
From the second half of the 20th century, three groups of subsystems (branches) of the manufacturing industry are distinguished:
- high-tech industries (GDP over 4%);
- industries with medium-developed technologies (1-4%) with the division of enterprises at different levels of technology development;
- industries with low technology (less than 1%).
Depending on the content and characteristics of manufacturing products, it is customary to talk about the following classes:
- local industries;
- industries of widespread goods;
- main or main industries;
- manufacturing and assembly industries.
Product sales define enterprises as:
- industries that are focused on export operations;
- enterprises engaged mainly in imports.
The level of resource use helps to identify the following groups:
- enterprises that are knowledge-intensive in their activities;
- enterprises, due to the characteristics of the production system, which are resource intensive;
- traditional.
In addition to these groups, manufacturing enterprises of the industrial type (ferrous metallurgy) and agricultural (sugar, grain) are distinguished. In this case, the determining feature is the type of feedstock.
The effect of territorial distribution
An important factor affecting the structure of the manufacturing industry is the location of the industry in relation to the sources of raw materials. Note that the distance from them directly affects the complexity of the organization of production systems, transport infrastructure, the speed of production processes and cost.
Analysis of placement allows you to consider industry systems that:
- located as close as possible to sources of low-cost energy resources;
- develop primarily from sources of raw materials;
- gravitate to areas of concentration of labor resources;
- tend to areas of consumption of products.
Modern stage
Russia's manufacturing industry makes a huge contribution to the global industrial system. The most developed areas are mechanical engineering (machine tools and other industrial equipment), oil refining, metallurgy and food production. Industrial equipment is used throughout the CIS. Metallurgy is represented by large industrial giants - Chelyabinsk and Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, Cherepovetsky and others. The oil refining industry employs more than 100 refineries of large and small capacity, allowing Russia to become one of the five leaders in the processing of this type of raw material.
Conclusion
The development of the presented industries is a mirror of the industrial level of the state. As experience shows, the most advanced technologies, as well as the highest production rates, are inherent in enterprises in this particular area.