Trails: examples. Trails in Russian

Every day we come across a mass of means of artistic expressiveness, we often use them in speech ourselves, without even implying this. We remind mom that she has golden hands; we recall bast shoes, while they have long gone out of general use; we are afraid to get a pig in a poke and hyperbolize objects and phenomena. All these are paths, examples of which can be found not only in fiction, but also in the oral speech of each person.

What are means of artistic expression?

The term "trails" comes from the Greek word tropos, which in translation into Russian means "speech circulation". They are used to give imagery to speech, with their help poetic and prose works become incredibly expressive. The paths in literature, examples of which can be found in almost any poem or story, form a separate layer in modern philological science. Depending on the situation of use, they are divided into lexical means, rhetorical and syntactic figures. The trails are widespread not only in fiction, but also in oratory, and even everyday speech.

Lexical means of the Russian language

Every day we use words that in one way or another decorate speech, make it more expressive. Bright paths, examples of which are innumerable in works of art, are no less important than lexical means.

• Antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning.
• Synonyms are related lexical units.
• Phraseologisms are stable combinations consisting of two or more lexical units, which, according to semantics, can be equated to one word.
• Dialectisms - words that are common only in a certain territory.
• Archaisms - obsolete words denoting objects or phenomena, modern analogues of which are present in the culture and life of a person.
• Istorisms are terms denoting objects or phenomena that have already disappeared.

Trails in Russian (examples)

Currently, the means of artistic expression are perfectly demonstrated in the works of classics. Most often these are poems, ballads, poems, sometimes stories and tales. They decorate speech and give it imagery.

• Metonymy is the replacement of one word by another in adjacency. For example: On New Year's midnight, the whole street went out to let out fireworks.
• Epithet - a figurative definition that gives the subject an additional characteristic. For example: Mashenka had magnificent silk curls.
• Sinekdoha - the name of the part instead of the whole. For example: Russian, Finn, Englishman, and Tatar study at the Faculty of International Relations.
• Impersonation - the assignment of animate qualities to an inanimate object or phenomenon. For example: The weather was worried, angry, raging, and after a minute it poured rain.
• Comparison is an expression built on a juxtaposition of two objects. For example: Your face is fragrant and pale, like a spring flower.
• Metaphor - transferring the properties of one object to another. For example: Our mother has golden hands.

Pathways in the literature (examples)

The presented means of artistic expression are less commonly used in the speech of a modern person, but their significance in the literary heritage of great writers and poets is not reduced by this. So, litota and hyperbole are often used in satirical tales, and allegory in fables. Periphrase is used to avoid repetition in a literary text or speech.

• Litota is an artistic understatement. For example: A peasant with a marigold works in our factory.
• Periphrase is the replacement of a direct name with a descriptive expression. For example: The night luminary (about the Moon) is especially yellow today.
• Allegory - the image of abstract objects in images. For example: Human qualities - cunning, cowardice, clumsiness - are revealed in the image of a fox, a hare, a bear.
• Hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration. For instance: My friend has incredibly huge ears the size of his head.

Rhetorical figures

The idea of ​​each writer is to intrigue his reader and not demand an answer to the problems posed. A similar effect is achieved through the use of rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals, and omissions in a work of art. All these are paths and figures of speech, examples of which are probably familiar to every person. Their use in everyday speech is approving, the main thing is to know the situation when appropriate.

The rhetorical question is posed at the end of the sentence and does not require an answer from the reader. It makes you think about pressing issues.

A rhetorical exclamation concludes the incentive sentence. Using this figure, the writer calls for action. Exclamation should also be attributed to the "paths" section.

Examples of rhetorical treatment can be found in Pushkin (“To Chaadaev”, “To the Sea”), Lermontov (“Death of a Poet”), as well as many other classics. It does not apply to a specific person, but to the whole generation or era as a whole. Using it in a work of fiction, a writer can accuse or, conversely, approve of actions.

Rhetorical silence is actively used in lyrical digressions. The writer does not express his thoughts to the end and provides an occasion for further reasoning.

Syntax Shapes

Similar techniques are achieved by constructing sentences and include word order, punctuation; they contribute to the intriguing and interesting design of the proposal, so every writer seeks to use these paths. Examples are especially noticeable when reading a work.

• Multi - union - a deliberate increase in the number of unions in the proposal.
• Unionlessness - the absence of alliances when listing objects, actions or phenomena.
• Syntactic parallelism - a comparison of two phenomena by means of their parallel image.
• Ellipsis is a deliberate omission of a number of words in a sentence.
• Inversion - a violation of the word order in the design.
• Parcellation is the intentional division of a proposal.

Figures of speech

The trails in the Russian language, examples of which are given above, can be continued indefinitely, but do not forget that there is another conditionally allocated section of expressive means. Art figures play an important role in written and spoken language.

• Anafora - repetition of the initial segments of speech.
• Epiphora - repetition of the final segments of speech.
• Graduation is a gradual and ever-increasing ascension from one thought to another.
• Pun - the use in the same sentence of the same sounding words with different meanings.
• Antithesis is a sharp contrast.
• Oxymoron is a combination of words that are opposite in meaning.
  

Table of all trails with examples

It is important for high school students, graduates of humanitarian faculties and philologists to know the variety of means of artistic expression and the cases of their use in the works of classics and contemporaries. If you want to know in more detail what paths are there, a table with examples will replace you with dozens of literary and critical articles.

The role of artistic expressiveness

The use of pathways in everyday speech exalts every person, makes him more literate and educated. With a variety of means of artistic expression can be found in any literary work, poetic or prose. Trails and figures, examples of which every self-respecting person should know and use, do not have an unambiguous classification, since from year to year, philologists continue to explore this area of ​​the Russian language. If in the second half of the twentieth century they highlighted only metaphor, metonymy and synecdoch, now the list has increased tenfold.