This article answers the question: "What is dialogue and monologue?". It presents the characteristics of these two forms of speech, definitions, gives varieties of each of them, punctuation and other features. We hope that our article will help you to clarify in detail the differences between them, to learn something new for yourself.
Dialogue: Definition
Dialogue is a form of speech, which is a conversation between two or more persons, which consists of the exchange of cues between them. The main unit of dialogue is called dialogic unity - this is a thematic (semantic) association of several separate replicas into one, which is an exchange of statements, opinions, each of which is connected with the previous one and depends on it.
The existence of dialogical unity is explained by the connection of heterogeneous replicas (addition, distribution, narration, consent-disagreement, question-answer, speech etiquette formulas).
Sometimes it can exist thanks to statements that are not a reaction to the previous interlocutor of the interlocutor, but in general to the speech situation in which the conversation participant asks a counter question:
- What is dialogue and monologue in your opinion?
“What do you think?”
The nature of the statements may depend on a variety of factors: first of all, on the personalities of the participants in the dialogue with their speech tactics and strategy, on their speech culture, the factor of having a “potential listener” (who does not take part in the conversation, although he is present at it), the degree of officiality of that environment in which communication takes place.
Types of Interaction
The code of relationships between the participants in the conversation, i.e. their type of interaction. Three main types are distinguished: cooperation, dependence and equality. The degree of formality of the environment determines the control of those who are talking over their speech and compliance with language requirements and norms.
Dialogue structure
The dialogue on the Russian language always has a certain structure, in most types it remains the same: first, the beginning, then the main part, and finally the ending. The reason may be one of the many formulas of speech etiquette (Hello, Vasily Vladimirovich!) Or the first interrogative remark (What time is it?), As well as a replica-judgment (Wonderful weather today!).
It should be noted that the length of the dialogue can theoretically be infinite, because its lower boundary may remain open. Almost every dialogue on the Russian language can be continued by increasing the dialogic unity of which it consists. However, in practice, dialogical speech has an ending (a phrase of speech etiquette (Goodbye!), A replica-consent (Undoubtedly!), Or a replica-response).
Dialogue Features
Dialogue is a natural form of communication that is primary. Therefore, in colloquial speech this form has received the greatest distribution. But dialogue (the definition of which was given above) is also present in journalistic, scientific and official business speech.
As the primary form of communication, it is a spontaneous, unprepared form of speech interaction. This applies primarily to colloquial speech, in which the subject of the dialogue during its development may change under the influence of arbitrary factors. However, in journalistic, scientific and official business speech, with some preliminary preparation of remarks (primarily questions), the development and construction of a dialogue (Russian and other languages of the world are similar in this) will be spontaneous, since in the vast majority of cases the reactionary remarks of the interlocutor will be unpredictable and unknown.
The principle called the “universal principle of saving verbal expression” is most pronounced in this form of speech. This means that its participants in a given situation use the minimum of verbal, that is, verbal, means, filling out the lack of verbal expression due to various non-verbal means of communication. Such non-verbal forms include facial expressions, intonation, gestures, body movements.
Dialogue conditions
For a dialogue to arise, on the one hand, an initial common base of information is needed, which the participants will share, and on the other, it is necessary that there is a minimal difference in the knowledge of the participants in this speech interaction. Otherwise, they will not be able to transmit information to each other about the corresponding subject of speech, which means that the dialogue will be unproductive. That is, lack of information negatively affects the productivity of this form of speech. A similar factor can appear not only with low speech competence of the participants in the conversation, but also in the absence of their desire to start a dialogue or develop it.
A dialogue in which there is only one form of speech etiquette, called etiquette forms, has a formal meaning, in other words, it is not informative. At the same time, the participants have no need or desire to receive information, but the dialogue itself is formally generally accepted in some situations (for example, when meeting in public places):
- Hello!
- Hi!
- How are you?
- Well thank you. And you have?
- Everything is fine, I work slowly.
- Bye, happily!
- Till!
An indispensable condition for the emergence of a dialogue aimed at obtaining new information is the need for communication. This factor arises as a result of a potential gap in the possession of information and knowledge between its participants.
Types of Dialogs
The following types of dialogs are distinguished according to the tasks and goals, roles of the interlocutors and the communication situation: business conversation, everyday dialogue and interviews.
Distinctive features of everyday dialogue are a possible deviation from the topic, unplannedness, lack of goals and the need for any decision, a variety of discussion topics, personal expression, widespread use of non-verbal (non-verbal) communication methods and techniques, conversational style.
A business conversation is communication mainly between two participants in a conversation, which is therefore largely interpersonal. In this case, various techniques and methods of verbal and non-verbal influence of participants on each other are used. A business conversation, although it always has a specific subject, is more personally oriented (in contrast, for example, from business negotiations) and occurs mainly between representatives of the same company.
Interview - communication of a press representative with someone whose personality is of public interest. Its distinctive feature is bi-address, that is, the interviewer (the one who conducts the interview), when addressing the addressee directly, builds a special dramaturgy of the conversation, relying primarily on the features of its perception by future readers.
Dialogue punctuation
Spelling dialogues in Russian is a very simple topic. If the replicas of the speakers begin with a new paragraph, a dash is written before each of them, for example:
- What is dialogue and monologue?
- These are two forms of speech.
- And how do they differ from each other?
- The number of participants.
If the replicas are selected without indicating belonging to one or another person, each of them is drawn up in quotation marks and separated from the next one with a dash. For example: "What is dialogue and monologue?" - "Forms of speech." - "Thanks for the tip!".
If the words of the author follow the statement, the dash before the next of them is omitted: "How do you live?" asked Maria Petrovna. “Nothing, little by little,” Igor Olegovich answered.
Knowing these simple rules and applying them in practice, you can always correctly compose a dialogue.
Monologue: definition
The monologue has a relative length in time (it consists of parts of different volumes, which are statements related in meaning and structure), and also differs in the variety and richness of the vocabulary. The themes of the monologue are very different, which can change spontaneously during its development.
Types of Monologue
It is customary to distinguish two main types of monologue.
1. Monological speech, which is a process of purposeful, conscious communication and appeal to the listener, is mainly used in the oral form of book speech: scientific oral (for example, a report or an educational lecture), oral public and judicial speech. The most developed monologue in art speech.
2. A monologue as speech alone with oneself, that is, directed not to the immediate listener, but to oneself. This kind of speech is called an "internal monologue." It is not designed to provoke a response of a person.
A monologue, the examples of which are numerous, can be both spontaneous, unprepared (most often it is used in colloquial speech), and pre-planned, prepared.
Types of monologue by purpose
According to the purpose pursued by the utterance, there are three main types: informational speech, persuading and inducing.
The main goal of information is the transfer of knowledge. The speaker in this case takes into account primarily the intellectual and cognitive abilities of the perception of the text by the listeners.
A variety of information monologue are various performances, reports, lectures, reports, messages.
A convincing monologue is directed primarily to the emotions and feelings of the listener. The speaker first of all takes into account the susceptibility of the latter. To this kind of speech belong: solemn, congratulatory, parting words.
The motivating monologue (examples of which are very popular political speeches nowadays) is primarily aimed at encouraging listeners to various actions. It includes: speech-protest, political speech, speech-call to action.
Compositional form of a monologue
The monologue of man in its structure represents a compositional form, depending either on the functional-semantic or on the genre-stylistic affiliation. The varieties of the genre-stylistic monologue are distinguished by the following: oratory, official business and artistic monologue in the Russian language, as well as other types. Functional-semantic include narration, description, reasoning.
Monologues are different in degree of formality and preparedness. For example, oratory is always a pre-planned and prepared monologue, which will certainly be pronounced in an official setting. But to some extent, it is an artificial form of speech, always striving to become a dialogue. Therefore, any monologue has various means of dialogue. These include, for example, rhetorical questions, appeals, question-answer form of speech, etc. In other words, this is all that indicates the desire of the speaker to increase the speech activity of his addressee-interlocutor, to cause his reaction.
The monologue distinguishes between the introduction (in which the subject of the speech is determined by the speaker), the main part and the conclusion (in which the speaker summarizes his speech).
Conclusion
Thus, it can be noted that monologue and dialogue are the two main forms of speech that differ from each other in the number of subjects involved in communication. Dialogue is a primary and natural form, as a way of exchanging opinions and thoughts between its participants, and a monologue is a detailed statement in which the narrator is only one person. Both monologic and dialogical speech exist both verbally and in writing, although the latter is always based on monologic speech, and dialogic, based on the oral form.