Fruit tree growing technologies have advanced far in recent years. Today, summer residents, among other things, have the opportunity to choose between intensive and extensive methods of breaking down the garden. The first growing technology allows you to get large yields. No wonder even modern industrial gardening is based on an intensive cultivation technique.
Definition
They call intensive gardens with low-stem fruit trees of varieties characterized by early maturity. A feature of such plantings, among other things, is the frequent placement of pears, apple trees, plums, etc.
With extensive cultivation of gardens, trees are usually planted according to 8x4 or 6x4 m schemes. In this case, medium-sized vegetatively propagated stocks are used. There are 312-416 ordinary trees and about 660 dwarf trees per 1 ha in such gardens. With this technology of cultivation for 8-10 years from the site you can get 10-15 t / ha of fruits of not too high commercial characteristics.
An intensive cultivation technique allows already in the second year after breaking the garden to receive 15 t / ha of apples, pears, etc. of excellent quality. Trees in this case are grown on dwarf rootstocks. At the same time, per 1 ha they can be from 2 to 10 thousand. For 3-4 years after the start of cultivation, the yield in intensive gardens reaches 30-40 t / ha, and for 5-6 - 50-60 t / ha.
Technology features
Any system of agricultural technology for cultivating such a garden is primarily aimed at accelerating the growth of leaf mass by plants and their fruiting. The gardener who has chosen this technique should first of all choose the right rootstock and scion. Also, in order to get such a garden on a suburban area, you must strictly comply with the technology for placing young trees.
The schemes and designs of intensive gardens can be used different. But of course, when cultivating apple trees, plums, pears, etc. using this technique, it is important first of all to correctly form the crowns of plants. Watering and feeding in such a garden should be carried out in a timely manner and with the exact observance of appropriate technologies.
Rules for choosing planting material
Gardeners wishing to grow an intensive garden, first of all, should purchase or cut independently from the already existing fruit trees on the site the required number of cuttings. Apple trees and pears for this purpose should choose the most productive. You also need to keep in mind that the scion for a garden of this type is suitable exclusively from trees of zoned varieties.
Rootstock in this case is supposed to be grown from seedlings by direct method. Injury to the root system of trees when using other technologies will necessarily lead to subsequent delay in fruiting.
Site preparation
The close arrangement of trees is one of the features of an intensive garden. The cultivation technologies in this case are therefore selected taking into account the fact that all plants will initially lack all the nutrients available in the soil for normal development. Therefore, the soil on the allotment where it was decided to set up such a garden will need to be improved. According to agricultural standards, the plot is preliminarily mandatory fertilized with humus. At the same time, it is introduced into the soil in an amount of at least 8-10 kg / m 2 .
Then dig holes under the seedlings. The dimensions of the planting pits depend on the type of soil on the site:
On chernozem soils, subsequently just before planting seedlings, they are simply filled with the upper fertile layer of soil. Other types of land use a more nutritious composition. For example, holes in such areas can be refueled with soil from fertile soil and humus in the amount of 15-20 kg.
This technology allows you to subsequently dispense with the garden without additional top dressing of trees for 4-5 years. Prepare the wells in the area selected for intensive cultivation, in most cases since the fall.
Breakdown technology
You can start planting an intensive garden in a suburban area both in spring and autumn. However, the best time for this procedure is still considered the beginning of the season. Trees are planted when breaking such a garden according to standard technology. The stamp in this case is laid on 5-6 kidneys. The remainder of the seedling is cut.
After planting, the trees without fail are watered abundantly. At least 2-4 buckets of water are used for each seedling.
A feature of intensive gardens, among other things, is that all the trees here have a support. This can be, for example, an individual stake 1.7-2 m high or a common trellis. In the latter case, usually use three lines of wire.
Crown formation
The pruning of apple trees, pears, etc. planted in intensive orchards is carried out using special technologies. A lot of methods have been developed for the formation of crowns in such areas. For example, in gardens of this type on vegetatively propagated rootstocks, pruning technologies such as:
Italian, free-growing, fan-shaped, Ruzin palmette;
Palmette Boucher-Tom;
palmette with horizontal branches;
spindle bushes;
slender spindle;
pillar.
Choose a method of forming a crown, mainly taking into account the variety of trees grown, their biological characteristics, as well as planting patterns. For example, for early-growing weak and medium-sized plants, fan palmette is often used. Ruzinsky palmette is used for:
Spindle bushes are most suitable for:
Slender spindle is used in the cultivation of spurous early ripening medium-sized varieties. Pillar is used for apple trees on stunted stocks with a 3x2 m planting pattern.
What techniques can be used
When forming the crown of fruit trees in an intensive type garden, operations such as:
Shortening can also be used to a limited extent.
Most often, such gardens use the palmette pattern of tree crown formation. In this case, all procedures are performed in the spring and summer:
before flowering, shorten the conductor and thin out the crown;
in the summer they carry out breaking, bending and tweezing.
Detailed pruning and rejuvenation in palmette gardens begin only after the growth of shoots of skeletal and semi-skeletal branches is reduced to 20-25 cm. At this time, the load of flower buds of plants becomes usually excessive. And this, in turn, leads to shedding of the ovaries.
Watering: what you need to know
The choice of the method of moistening the soil under the trees in intensive gardens depends on the following factors:
climatic features of this particular area;
site relief;
botanical features of cultivated trees;
features of the source of water supply.
Actually, the irrigation methods of such gardens themselves can be used as follows:
on the furrows;
on the rings (used in private gardening);
nadkronny, podkronny or synchronously impulse sprinkling;
drip intra- or supra-soil;
aerosol.
Furrow irrigation is a simple installation technology and does not require serious investments. However, in intensive orchards for apple trees, cherries, pears, etc., such a technique is rarely used. Its main drawback is considered to be excessive water consumption due to wetting of the non-useful area.
Sprinkling is considered a fairly economical method of irrigation and is used mainly when growing fruit trees in arid regions. When applying this technique, not only the soil, but also the air is moistened in the garden.
Drip irrigation technology is considered the most economical. This technique is most often used in areas with complex terrain with a lack of water. Aerosol irrigation in intensive gardens is used only as an additional technology that allows you to moisten the air and clean the leaves of trees from dust. The advantage of the finely dispersed method, in comparison with sprinkling, is that on the green parts of fruit trees when it is used, no burns appear.
Soil Moisture Schedule
The frequency of watering an intensive garden depends, of course, primarily on the climate in this particular area. The soil in such areas should be moistened stably and moderately. In the root-inhabited layer of the earth, that is, at a depth of 20-60 cm, humidity is supposed to be constantly maintained at the level of 70-80% of the full.
In most cases, intensive plantings are watered in the season at least 2 times a month. At the same time, at least 4-6 buckets of water are spent on each tree. Aisles in such gardens are often sown with perennial grasses to preserve moisture. Moreover, in most cases, plants with a superficial root system are chosen. According to technology, grass in such gardens is supposed to be watered simultaneously with trees.
Tree feeding
You can get a good crop in an intensive garden, of course, also only if fertilizers are applied to the soil in a timely manner. In most cases, various kinds of mineral substances necessary for plants in such areas are introduced into the soil simultaneously with irrigation. Also in gardens of this type, of course, foliar top dressing is also used.
In the first case, as a fertilizer, you can apply, for example, the universal tool "Crystal". For foliar top dressing in intensive gardens, the Albatros preparation is often used.
In amateur gardening, the soil in such areas is often fertilized using compost. Under autumn or spring digging, this type of top dressing is mixed with phosphorus and potassium. The proportions in this case use the following (per 1 m 2 of landings):
compost - 5-10 kg;
phosphorus - 5-10 g;
potassium - 5-10 g.
During the growing season, in this case, 4.5-6 g of nitrogen per 1 m 2 under the root are also added to the soil. Feeding is carried out using this fertilizer 4, 8 and 12 weeks after swelling of the kidneys. This type of top dressing is usually first scattered superficially. Further, the fertilizer is closed into the soil when digging or loosening.
Pollination
In large farms, insects can also be used to increase productivity in intensive gardens. It can be, for example, bumblebees. Beehives with these insects in these plantings are usually set approximately one per 1 ha. The advantage of bumblebees over bees is that they can fly in cold and windy weather. In addition, such insects never fly away from hives. The radius of their "walks" usually does not exceed 150 m. That is, the garden of bumblebees, unlike bees, usually does not leave at all.
Very often, osmium is also used for pollination of apple trees and pears grown by intensive technology. The advantage of these insects is that they are easy to breed independently.
The right choice of variety
Of course, watering and feeding trees in an intensive garden is very important on time. However, the yield of such a plot is even more dependent on the correct choice of variety. The fruit of the apple trees, best suited for growing in gardens of this type, the skin is usually very bright. Moreover, they have a presentable presentation.
It is believed that the greatest return on the intensive apple orchard can be obtained by planting trees, for example, varieties such as:
Golden is superb.
Sarkrimson.
Wagner.
Goldspur.
Also for such a site, you can choose the varieties:
Legend (winter).
Arkadik (summer).
Zhigulenok-spur.
Pears for intensive orchards also come with beautiful, flavorful fruits. It can be, for example, such varieties as:
Eureka.
Vettel.
Abbot.
Amphora.
Erika.
What other fruit trees can be grown using intensive technology
Mostly only pears and apple trees are cultivated in such gardens. However, with this technology, of course, other fruit crops can also be grown. For example, if the groundwater on a site comes too close to the surface of the earth, plum can be selected for cultivation using an intensive technique. Apple trees and pears in such an allotment will grow and bear fruit, unfortunately, will be bad.
Also, cherries and cherries are often grown using this technique. An intensive garden with such crops, however, can only be set up in areas with loose and light soil. On heavy soils, good results in terms of yield from these crops cannot be achieved using this growing technology.
Nuts are another fruit plant suitable for cultivation using this technique. In this case, the laying of intensive gardens is made exclusively from varietal grafted seedlings. Walnut trees themselves, even when using intensive technology, are planted at a fairly large distance from each other.
In warm regions, peaches can be grown using this technique. Such a garden is recommended, however, to be broken only by people with extensive experience in cultivating fruit crops. Caring for peach trees in intensive gardens is quite difficult.