Each element of the language performs its own special functions, so it would be extremely inconvenient, and sometimes simply impossible, to do without certain words. For example, a pronoun is a part of speech that is in demand in almost every sentence. This is an absolutely indispensable element of the Russian language, with which a certain number of rules are associated. In addition, there are several ways to classify pronouns that are also worth knowing. Understanding all this is not so difficult.
What is a pronoun?
First of all, the exact term should be learned. A pronoun is a part of speech that replaces nouns, adverbs, numerals and adjectives, allowing you to point to these words without naming them specifically. When parsing, categories are distinguished by value and by grammatical characteristics, a person, as well as inconstant signs, including case, gender and number. As a rule, in the sentence the pronoun plays the same role as the parts of speech that it replaces. Its use avoids repetitions and reduces sentences, which is especially convenient in oral speech. When both interlocutors know what the conversation is about, they don’t need to constantly completely name its subject, it’s enough to do with the pronoun.
Classification by value and characteristics
Russian pronouns can be divided into two types of categories. The first is classification by value, and the second by grammatical characteristics. Moreover, in some cases there are additional groups, but when a pronoun is studied at school, the 6th grade does not approach the topic so deeply. Therefore, many such additions remain unknown. So, the meaning of the pronoun can be both personal and reflexive, as well as possessive, relative, interrogative, indicative, definitive, negative and indefinite. In the expanded version, mutual and generalizing are also added. According to grammatical characteristics, they can be called generalized-subject, generalized-quantitative and generalized-qualitative. This classification considers how part of speech relates to others: nouns, numerals, adjectives, adverbs. Each group should be considered in detail.
Personal pronouns
This part of speech refers to the specific object, person, or thing in question. The personal pronoun answers the questions “who?” So what?" It can be the first person - “I” or “we”, the second - “you” and “you”, and the third, when there is an indication of those who are not participating in the conversation - “he”, “she”, “it” "And" they. " Earlier in the Russian language there was also the pronoun “onet”, which was used for feminine objects in the plural. In a sentence, such a part of speech serves as a complement or subject. Pronouns for persons, numbers, genera and cases change.
Reflexive pronouns
In language, they demonstrate that the action is directed at the subject. Reflexive pronoun is a part of speech that does not have a form in the nominative case, but is inclined in all other respects. In addition, it does not change in numbers, persons and births. In a sentence, such a pronoun plays the role of complement. Reflexive verbs were formed from the historical forms of ordinary infinitives and the word "sya", which is an outdated version of "self", for example, "sit down" essentially means "sit down". Such expressions also mean actions directed at the speaker.
Possessive pronouns
Such words indicate that some object belongs to some subject. Possessive pronouns can have a different number, gender, face, and case. In some forms, they are not inclined. A possessive pronoun can be in three persons. The first is “mine”, “mine”, “mine”, “ours”, “ours”, “ours”, “ours”. The second is “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”. Finally, the third is “him,” “her,” or “theirs.” Please note that in this person the pronouns are not inclined.
Interrogative pronouns
In a speech they indicate persons, objects, quantity or signs. Used in interrogative sentences. Such pronouns include “who?”, “What?”, “What?”, “What?”, “Whose?”, “Which?”, “How much?”, “Where?”, “When?”, “ where? ”,“ where? ”,“ why? ”. Some of them vary in numbers, cases, and childbirth. This applies, for example, to the pronoun “what?”. Others remain unchanged and have no form. So, the pronoun "where?" never changes in case or number.
Relative pronouns
Such a form acts as a union word in a compound sentence, serves as a connection for subordinate and main parts in similar constructions. Relative pronouns include “who”, “what”, “what”, “whose”, “who”, “how much”, “where”, “where”, “when”, “where”, “why”. As in the case of interrogative ones, far from all of them change in cases.
The pronouns “who”, “what” and “how much” are inclined, and “where”, “where”, “when”, “where”, “why” always remain unchanged. Sentences can play different syntactic roles.
Demonstrative Pronouns
These include those that describe the attribute or property of an object. A demonstrative pronoun is a part of speech that varies by case, gender, and number. This includes “as much”, “this”, “that”, “such”, “such”, “here”, “here”, “here”, “there”, “from there”, “from here”, “then”, "Therefore," "then." In addition, there are outdated options. These are words such as “this” and “this.”
Definitive pronouns
The sign of the object of speech is their theme. The pronoun points to it, inclines in cases, varies in numbers and gender. Such words as “all”, “everyone”, “self”, “all”, “each”, “most”, “other”, “any”, “all”, “different”, “everywhere” can be attributed to definitive. , "Everywhere," "always." Some of them are easily confused with adjectives, and others with adverbs. That is why this classification should never be forgotten.
Negative pronouns
Their significance is associated with the absence of an object of discussion or its features. Negative forms include “nobody”, “nothing”, “nobody”, “nothing”, “no”, “nobody”, “nowhere” and the like. The simplest analysis of the pronoun allows us to notice that they are a combination of interrogative or relative with the prefixes of no - or neither -. The first is used in the shock position, and the second - in cases without stress.
Indefinite pronouns
They are called upon to express in speech the indefiniteness of the characteristics, quantity or essence of certain objects. They are formed from an interrogative or relative option using non - or some - prefixes. For example, “something”, “some”, “someone”, “some”, “several”, “something”, “somehow”. Postfixes are also used — either — or , somehow , forming “someone,” “some,” and similar pronouns. They have a genus and a number, are inclined in cases.
Reciprocal pronouns
This group is not used in every classification. The usual school lesson “Pronoun as part of speech” may well not mention it. However, they are, and are used to express attitude to two or more objects. There are a lot of such pronouns in the Russian language, each one has a variable form. For example, reciprocal can be called “each other”, “for each other”, “each other for each other”, “one for the other”, “from end to beginning”, “over and over again”, “for each other” and the like. In offers they are used as additions.
Common pronouns
Finally, the last group highlighted by value. A seductive pronoun is a part of speech that serves to indicate objects that have a common attribute that does not express their quality. For example, using them you can combine objects in pairs - using the word "both" or a combination of "both." We can emphasize identity with the words “the same” and the multiplicity with the words “everyone”, “everyone”, “all”. One way or another, such a pronoun should unite objects in any group.
Nouns
This group is distinguished already by its grammatical characteristics, unlike all of the above, divided by value. Such pronouns have syntactic and morphological features in common with nouns. So, you can ask them questions "who?" or “what?” they complement or subject in the sentence. They distinguish the categories of number, person, gender and case. Not everyone knows that the word “who” is masculine, and “what” is mean. This group includes all personal and reflexive pronouns, as well as some interrogative, relative, negative and indefinite, namely: “he”, “nobody”, “something”, “someone”, “she”, “they” and like that.
Adjectives
This part of speech indicates a sign of the subject. These pronouns have a gender and a number, can be inclined according to cases. But this is not always true - “what” and “such” never change and can exclusively fulfill the role of the predicate. All the rest can serve as definitions and as an integral part of the predicate. Permanent adjectives are possessive "him", "her", "their". This group also includes part of the indicative, interrogative, relative, negative and indefinite, and more specifically - “mine”, “mine”, “ours”, “your”, “who”, “whose”, “most” and the like. Sometimes pronouns-adverbs are not separated from them. They indicate a sign, characterizing the actions. The pronouns of such a group have no number and gender, they are not inclined in cases and are consistent with verbs as adverbs, performing the role of circumstances in sentences. These include “there,” “where,” “where,” “when,” “so.” Some linguists do not separate them into a separate group at all, while others do not even relate them to such a part of speech.
Pronouns
They indicate the number of items without telling him exactly. This group includes such pronouns as “as much” and “how much”, as well as all their derivatives, for example, “several”, “how much” or “any”. All of them can be inclined according to cases, but they do not change by numbers and genera. Coordination is carried out on the same principle as quantitative numerals with nouns. The role in the sentence also coincides - they are used as definitions.