We acquire new knowledge in the process of cognition of reality. We get some of them as a result of the impact of objects of the world around us on the senses. But we take the bulk of the information by extracting new knowledge from what is already available. That is, making certain conclusions or conclusions.
Inferences are a generally accepted verbal form, due to which objects and their relations are identified and marked out indirectly, and not based on observations. It is very important that the conclusion was correct. Only in this case will the conclusions be correct. In order for this requirement to be fulfilled, it is necessary that conclusions are made in accordance with the laws of logic and certain rules.
Logical reasoning
To check the correctness of the conclusion made, you need to study the subject in detail and compare the idea of it with the general opinion. But this does not require passive contemplation, but practical activity that affects a thing. In addition, inference is a judgment inferred logically. Together they form a logical figure - syllogism. Logical judgment is made on the basis of a model of evidence and preliminary conclusions, and not on the basis of direct observation.
Unconscious inference
This term was coined by G. Helmholtz. In this case, the word "inference" is a metaphor, since it is assumed that the conclusion is made not according to the result, but unconsciously. The subject seems to reason, but in reality there is an unconscious perceptual process. But since this process is unconscious, conscious efforts cannot influence it. That is, even if the subject understands that his perception is erroneous, he cannot change his judgment and perceive the event differently.
Conditional Judgments
Chain conditional inference is a conditional proposition, interconnected in such a way that the second proposition follows from the first. Any judgment includes premises, conclusions, and conclusions. The premises are the source, a new judgment is derived from them. The conclusion is obtained logically from the premises. Conclusion is a logical transition from premises to conclusion.
Types of inferences
Distinguish between demonstrative and non-demonstrative conclusions. In the first case, the conclusion is made on the basis of a logical law. In the second case, the rules allow the possible conclusion of the conclusion from the premises.
In addition, the conclusions are classified according to the direction of the logical sequence, according to the degree of connection between the knowledge expressed in the premises and conclusion. The following types of inferences are distinguished: deductive, inductive and inferences by analogy.
Inductive inference is based on the research method, the main purpose of which is the analysis of the movement of knowledge from judging particular to general. In this case, induction is a certain logical form that reflects the ascent of thought from less general provisions to more general ones.
Inductive inference is an experimental observation that can be checked immediately. That is, this method is simpler and more affordable in comparison with deduction.