In a changing world, an enterprise cannot stay afloat using only traditional management systems. In all countries, modern approaches to management, techniques and models are developed and implemented. Many of them have shown their effectiveness and are widespread.
The main approaches in modern management. Process approach
Management is understood as a continuous chain of functions, which depends on the implementation of a number of interrelated actions.
The functions can be distinguished as follows:
- planning;
- organization;
- motivation;
- control;
- the control;
- coordination;
- communication;
- analysis and evaluation;
- making decisions.
The whole process of leadership can be expressed by the functions of planning, organization, control, motivation. They are interconnected by the processes of communication and decision making.
System
This theory originates from the 50s and still plays an important role in management. The principle of feedback between parts and the whole, the whole and the environment, parts and the environment works here.
Any organization is perceived as a single mechanism, where various subsystems that are closely related to each other work. This is an integrated approach, it takes into account all areas, departments, managerial levels, technical components, social factors.
The organization begins with goals and objectives, where the output is finished products. This takes into account all the relationships between managers, staff, customers. External influences in the form of legislation, economic influences, competitors also do not go unnoticed.
For this management concept, it is important to perform a number of actions:
- The object of study is indicated.
- The goals of the system and their impact on the subsystems are highlighted.
- The mutual influence of the organization and all its sublevels is determined.
- The impact of the environment is taken into account.
- Ways to improve performance are highlighted.
Situational approach
In management, a specific situation is taken, which is currently important for the organization and affects it. Management methods are selected based on this situation.
There is no ready-made set of rules or a set of manuals; this is an intellectual method, a way of thinking.
The situational approach in management is based on 4 basic principles:
- Knowledge of system analysis, planning, understanding of management processes, group behavior and various decision-making methods.
- The ability to predict the possible results of their actions and the use of specific techniques.
- The ability to analyze the situation in the moment. Identify the most important factors and the consequences of their changes.
- The right choice and use of those methods and techniques that will have minimal negative consequences. Search for the most effective ways to organize.
Quantitative
The use of mathematics, computer technology, engineering science helps to design accurate control models. They are created on the basis of problems in large organizations.
Verbal reasoning is replaced by digital models, there is a focus on quantitative values.
So the models of resource allocation, mass service, choice of development strategy, etc. were developed.
In addition to the main approaches, others are used in modern management. For example, a regulatory, behavioral, or marketing approach is equally important. Read about them further.
Normative
When using the regulatory approach, the enterprise establishes certain management standards. They take into account all the important elements of the target, managed, providing subsystems.
The standards in each system are set individually and can take into account the amount of losses and production waste, deductions from profits, and the needs of employees.
Optimization
With this management concept, a transition is made from qualitative assessments to quantitative ones. For this, special calculations, statistical methods, expert estimates, etc. are used.
The laws of scale and time saving are taken into account. We study the economic relationship between the quality of the goods and the cost of its production.
Directive
With a prescriptive approach, the regulation of functions, rights, obligations, costs in normative acts takes place. Orders, instructions, plans and instructions are drawn up, which everyone must follow.
Behavioral
This is a milder approach that helps employees discover their strengths and creativity. The efficiency of the enterprise is increased due to the right attitude of human resources.
The leader uses not only the method of coercion, but also tries to motivate people, to direct, to convince to move towards the goal.
Some schools consider the competency-based approach to management a kind of behavioral approach.
Its author, D. McClelland, studied the process of human work in order to find the ideal competencies of employees. He identified the main criteria, and later his methodology was actively developed in the United States.
This approach helps to model effective labor behavior, increase worker satisfaction and the level of profit of the enterprise
The competency-based approach to management is used in various management processes. It is used in the selection and rotation of personnel, certification, in corporate culture.
Marketing
The essence of the approach is to increase the trading efficiency of the enterprise. Managers should first of all be guided by the market, react in time to a change in the situation and influence circumstances.
The marketing approach primarily involves:
- market analysis;
- selection of target audience;
- creation of a marketing mix;
- the implementation of marketing enterprises.
What is the difference between modern management
Modern economy has contributed to the development of the following modern approaches to management:
- Personal qualities and characteristics of a manager come to the fore. High demands are made on them. Intellectual leadership, the ability to competently manage a team, and create unique projects are appreciated. The identity of one person can actively influence the image of the whole organization.
- Management, on the one hand, combines many functions at the same time, and on the other, it is divided into modules. Various new types appear - marketing management, budget innovation, etc.
- The management culture is actively developing, innovation is constantly being born, a large number of management courses appear.
- External and internal conditions are so unstable that managers are forced to constantly change course and reorganize goals.
- Modern management does not encourage authoritarianism and gives maximum freedom to the manager if his actions are aimed at effective transformation. The creation of teams and working groups to work on the development of the organization is encouraged.
- Innovative planning methods and high technology are widely used. Possession of modern methods largely determines the qualifications of managers.
- risk factor in modern approaches to management is one of the most important in making any decisions.
The characteristic features of modern management
Unlike traditional, modern approaches significantly expand the manager's area of responsibility. He must take into account all factors affecting the enterprise and the results of its work. External, internal, controlled, and even those that cannot be influenced in any way.
Modern management is a strategic approach at all levels of management, and the human factor is used here as a fundamental one.
The following positive points are noted:
- One hundred percent personal responsibility of the manager.
- Developed communication at all levels.
- Continuous training of employees and managers.
- The atmosphere in the enterprise, helping workers to reveal their abilities to the maximum.
- Each employee deliberately contributes his share to the overall result.
- Rejection of an authoritarian leadership style in favor of leadership.
- Developed communication skills to communicate with customers.
- Business ethics.
- Openness and trust in people.
- Knowledge and use of the basics of management.
- A clear vision of the enterprise’s path.
- Continuous self-improvement and the desire to improve the quality of their work.
- A complex approach.
It is not easy to practically implement all these management principles, but many modern enterprises strive for innovations.
Among the management models, American and Japanese are especially distinguished. On their basis, a modern approach to management in other countries is being formed.
American model
This model used to be crucial in many countries. But managers who are interested in modern approaches to management try to move away from it, focusing more on the Japanese system.
This model is determined by the mentality of the inhabitants of America. The management system uses their ability to fight to the end, emphasize their exclusivity, strive for quick success.
The American model is based on the struggle for leadership. Until recently, the management style in US companies was the only one; strict discipline was established. They demanded full submission from the workers; democracy was only external.
Promotion is fast among those who managed to stand out. The place of work is constantly changing depending on where they pay more.
Japanese model
The basics of Japanese management are recognized worldwide. It was formed under the influence of foreign experience, including American, but at the same time retained the best national traditions.
The Japanese system is the most effective in the world and is based on the ability to work with people. Since the country is not rich in natural resources, the stake was initially made on human resources. This allowed the Japanese economy to become a leader among other countries. As a result, the model actively influences the formation of the features of modern management.
The principle of “We are all one family” is actively being promoted at enterprises. The main goal of managers is to establish good relations with employees, create a single team.
Management itself is not authoritarian, but advisory. There is no need to outline the responsibilities of the employee, because everyone is ready to do what the team needs. All are subordinate to one idea, strive to achieve a common goal.
The Japanese are so devoted to their firms that they often do not use weekends and paid holidays. In addition, a change of job is not welcome. When moving to another company, a person loses his merit and experience and is forced to start a career from scratch. Such workers are considered second-rate.
Promotion takes place every 4-7 years. Since people most often work in the same company all their lives, they try to diversify their activities. First of all, they raise the most decent, modest and hardworking.
Close communication between employees is strongly encouraged. Everyone starts the day with charging and corporate songs, sitting in offices without a partition with the boss. Leaders do not have a separate office, so as not to destroy the atmosphere of unity. There are no privileges depending on rank, the salaries of a beginner and a manager differ, but only 7-8 times. Moreover, during a crisis, the salary of management is reduced first of all.
The creation of working dynasties is encouraged. Firms are willing to recruit children and close relatives of their employees. In 45% of cases, personnel are recruited according to recommendations. And the one who recommended it is responsible for it.
Such management, taking into account the psychology of people, improved traditional methods and allowed Japan to achieve great results. Now this system is being implemented in other countries with developed economies.
The state of Russian management
Management in the Russian Federation is in its infancy, its effectiveness is still low. The acute problem is the training of good specialists in this field. There are not enough truly effective management courses.
There are three conditional models of Russian management.
Common Sense Model
In the 90s, everyone who wanted it became leaders, even without any training in management. In those years, “common sense” was enough to run a business. But as organizations expanded, such a model began to show its bankruptcy.
Model of “Soviet Management Methods”
Not all organizations have been able to move forward. Their management system is not much different from the one that was 50 years ago.
The model of "Western culture"
First of all, the country adopts the external attributes of Western management - elegance, good room design, courtesy. Technological structures are also being actively implemented - computerization, special programs, communication systems.
The development of the Western model of corporate governance has progressed slowly, but has accelerated in recent years. The impact on the culture of Russian management is increasing and contributing to the implementation of the most modern management trends in Russia.
Prospects
Flexibility and simplicity - this is what modern management strives for. All changes and innovations are designed to ensure competitiveness and efficiency.
More and more organizations are striving to leave behind hierarchical team relations and to bet on strengthening the best qualities of staff.