Without exception, all languages in the world exist both orally and in writing. Moreover, both forms are characterized by certain lexical, grammatical and stylistic norms (punctuation, orthoepic and accentological norms). So, the oral form is subject to orthoepic rules, and the written form is also subject to punctuation norms.
Orthoepy is called the doctrine of the rules for pronunciation of sounds and words, as well as the statement of stress. It is the accentological norms of the Russian language that are the subject of this article.
It is no secret to anyone that the correct literary pronunciation is one of the most important indicators of the overall development of a person. The correct and competent pronunciation in importance is in no way inferior to the correct spelling. In our time, you can learn to speak correctly due to the presence of a huge amount of literature, not to mention the study of the main rules in school.
What are accentological norms and why are they needed? Someone once said: “If you take away the word stress, the word will disappear; if you pronounce a word with the wrong stress, it will lose its meaning. "
Stress is the allocation of a particular syllable in a word. In Russian, a stressed vowel sound is distinguished by intensity, duration, and tone movement. Among the main features of stress in the Russian language:
- mobility, which means stress is not fixed;
- the presence of stylistically colored and professional types of pronunciation of a number of words;
- the presence of several accentological options;
- fluctuations in the formulation of stress;
- accent in proper names.
Consider some emphasis on more specific examples.
There are a number of languages in which the stress is fixed. An example is French, where the stress falls on the last syllable. Russian stress, in turn, is heterogeneous and can move depending on the grammatical form of the word (game - games). Due to the presence of such a movement, pairs of words may arise, where in one of them the stress is normative, and in the other it is colloquial. (for example, kOmpas - compAS, Spark - spark, etc.).
Different emphasis is also in words that belong to different speech styles (book, neutral). So, the neutral word "maiden" is opposed to the folk poetical "maiden." It is important to remember that colloquial and professional words are not normative, and the accentological norms of the literary language do not apply to them.
In the Russian language there are also words that are called accentological variants. They have double emphasis, but often one of the options becomes more preferable. For example, a pair of “tvorog” - “tvorog”, where both options are correct, but the first is preferable.
In some words of the Russian language, there are fluctuations in the stress setting. Among such words: “jeans - jeans”, “along the waves - along the waves” and others. Nevertheless, in most nouns, only one option is considered normative (intention, research, joiner, phenomen and many others).
Do not forget about the correct pronunciation of proper names. This applies to a greater extent to well-known names, for example, Salvador DalI, Picasso, PerU. There are also a number of names in which the stress is variable (Newton - Newton).
In some words of a foreign language origin, stress depends on the origin of the word.
In verbs that end in -irovat, the more productive is the variant with stressed I. In words that came into the Russian language only in the last century, the emphasis mainly falls on the last syllable. For comparison: block - mark.
Accentological norms also determine the change in stress depending on the meaning and grammar. With the help of stress, homonyms are distinguished.
Thus, orthoepy and accentology play a huge role in the Russian language and show a person’s literacy, as well as his profession, environment, and much more. Speak correctly!