In terms of syntax, a sentence is one of the basic units of a language. It is characterized by semantic and intonational completeness and always has a grammatical basis. In Russian, the predicative basis can consist of one or two main members.
The concept of one-component sentences
The types of one-component sentences with examples serve as a visual illustration of the theoretical material in the Syntax section of the Russian language.
Syntactic constructions with a base consisting of a subject and a predicate are called two-part. For example: I do not like the fatal outcome (V.S. Vysotsky).
Proposals based on only one of the main members are called monolithic. Such phrases have a complete meaning and do not need a second main term. It happens that its presence is simply impossible (in impersonal sentences). Single-ended sentences, examples from the literature, are very often used in works of art: I use window glass to me forehead ( V.V. Mayakovsky). There is no subject, but it is easy to restore: "I". A little darkened (K.K.Sluchevsky). This sentence does not and cannot be subject.
In colloquial speech, simple one-compound sentences are quite common. Examples of their use prove this: - Where do we go? - To the cinema.
Single-component sentences are divided into types:
1. Nouns (with the basis of the subject).
2. With the predicate at the core:
Parts of complex sentences can be single-component sentences. Examples: We will not assure that there is nothing more beautiful than Lake Baikal: each of us is loving and sweet on our own side (V.G. Rasputin). This construction is a complex sentence, including three simple ones: 1 - one-part definitely personal, 2 - one-part impersonal, 3 - two-part.
It is necessary to study the types of one-component sentences with examples predominantly presented in works of fiction. This allows you to get the most complete picture of such syntactic constructions.
Suggestions
In nominative sentences, the basis is only the subject. The forms of his expression are different: nouns in the nominative case: Spring and victory (S.A. Vasiliev). Or a phrase (noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case): Days of songs and colors (S.A. Vasiliev).
Nickname sentences may not be common : North. Will. Nadezhda (V.S. Vysotsky). And common: Earth without borders (V.S. Vysotsky), here the subject is supplemented by a definition.
Certainly-personal syntactic constructions are a kind of personal
Personal one-component sentences, examples of the use of which are given below, demonstrate the richness of the language and the ways of expressing various semantic shades.
Single-component syntactic constructions in which the face is not formally expressed, but is easily restored, are called personal. They can also be common and not common. In the role of the predicate - a personal verb (1, 2 persons), in the singular or plural, in the indicative or imperative mood. Such suggestions convey the actions of a specific person (speaker or interlocutor). In the works of fiction, the authors often use the category "one-part definitely-personal sentence", examples from poetry:
- Food (S.A. Yesenin) (predicate - a verb in the indicative mood 1l, singular).
- Farewell to the sea (A.S. Pushkin) (verb-predicate - in the imperative mood in the form of 2 persons, singular)!
Vaguely personal
Transmit actions performed by an indefinite person (subject). The predicate is in 3 persons, in the plural, in the present or past tense, in the indicative and conditional mood :
- But they called all three daughters witches (V.S. Vysotsky) (the predicate is the verb of past r.h., plural, express. Incline).
- And let them say, let them say, but no, no one dies in vain (V.S. Vysotsky) (in the role of a predicate - a verb in the present tense, in the 3rd vol. And plural).
- They would give me a six hundredth plot not far from the automobile plant (Sholokhov) (a verb-predicate in the form of the subjunctive plural).
Features of generalized personal offers
Some linguists (V.V. Babaitseva, A.A. Shakhmatov, etc.) do not distinguish this group of single-component sentences in a separate form, because the forms of expression of the predicates in them are identical to definite and indefinite personal ones and differ only in semantic load. In them, the predicate has a generalized meaning. Such constructions are most often used in proverbs and sayings: Do you like tops - love roots. Do not have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends. Once lied - forever became a liar.
When studying the topic "One-part personal offer" examples are of great importance, because they clearly help determine the type of syntactic construction with one of the main members and distinguish between them.
Impersonal sentence
A one-part impersonal sentence (example: It gets dark early. Noises in the head. ) Differs from the personal one in that it does not and cannot have a subject.
The predicate can be expressed in different ways:
- Impersonal Verb: It was getting dark. I'm sick.
- Personal verb, which has turned into an impersonal form: In my side, it hurts. Thundered in the distance. You are lucky! I can not sleep.
- Predicative adverb (category of state or impersonal-predicative words): It was very quiet (I.A. Bunin). Stuffy. Sadly.
- Infinitive: Do not bend under a changing world (A.V. Makarevich).
- A negative word “no” and a negative particle “neither”: Not a cloud in the sky. You have no conscience!
Types of predicatein single sentences
In Russian linguistics, the predicate is represented by three types:
- Simple verb. Expressed in one verb in any form.
- Compound verb. Consists of a conjugated verb and an infinitive.
- Compound noun. It has a conjugated verb and a nominal part, which can be expressed by an adjective, noun, participle or adverb.
In single-component sentences, all of these predicate types are found .
Cool (one-piece impersonal sentence). An example of a predicate with a omitted verb connective in the present tense, but which is manifested in the past tense: It was cool. The nominal part is expressed by the category of state.
In a definite personal sentence: Let's hold hands, friends (B.Sh. Okudzhava), the verb is simple verb.
In an indefinite personal sentence: I do not want to listen to any of you (O. Yermachenkova) - the predicate - the personal verb + infinitive.
Single-compound nouns are examples of a compound nominal predicate with a zero verb tense in the present tense. Often, index particles are placed next to a nominative: Here is your ticket, here is your carriage (V.S. Vysotsky). If nominative sentences are presented in the past tense, then they are converted into two-part sentences. Compare: There was your ticket, there was your car.
Single and incomplete sentences
It is necessary to distinguish incomplete two-component sentences from single-component ones. In single-component ones, in the absence of one of the main members, the meaning of the sentence does not change. In incomplete, any member of the sentence may be omitted, and the meaning may not be understood outside the context: On the contrary, there is a table. Or: Today.
In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish between specific personal sentences and two-part incomplete sentences. First of all, this refers to the predicates expressed by the verb in the form of the past tense. For example: I thought - and began to eat ( A.S. Pushkin). Without the main context, it is impossible to determine whether a verb is used in 1 or 3 persons. In order not to be mistaken, it is important to understand: in the form of the past tense, the face of the verb is not determined, which means this is a two-part incomplete sentence.
Of particular difficulty are the differences between an incomplete sentence and a sentence, for example: Night. Frosty night. and Night in the village. In order not to cause difficulties, it is important to understand: circumstance is a minor term related to the predicate. Consequently, the sentence " Night in the Village" is a two-part incomplete with a compound nominal predicate, in which the verb part is omitted. Compare: Night fell in the village. Frosty night. This is a nominative sentence, as the definition is consistent with the subject, therefore, the adjective “frosty” characterizes the main term “night”.
When studying syntax, it is important to carry out training exercises in, and for this it is necessary to analyze the types of one-compound sentences with examples.
The role of one-component sentences in the language
In written and spoken language, single-component sentences play a significant role. Similar syntactic constructions in a concise and capacious form allow you to formulate a thought in a bright and colorful way, help to represent images or objects. They give expressions dynamism and emotionality, allow you to focus on the right objects or subjects. With the help of one-component sentences, unjustified lexical repetitions of pronouns can be avoided.