The morphologically unchanged part of the word that carries the lexical meaning is the basis, it is precisely depending on it that the non-derivative and derivative words are distinguished. Each base is characterized bilaterally: structurally and semantically.
Differences
A non-derivative basis is not semantically motivated, since it cannot be explained using related words, and morphologically it is indivisible. In its structure, it is equivalent to the root of the word. For example: forest ; the brave one ; good ; rivers and so on.
These fundamentals are non-derivative. And derivative words can be distinguished precisely by these signs: motivated semantically, explained by the selection of a cognate basis. Its structure is easily divided into two blocks of equal importance, that is, the very foundation that forms derivative words, and the word-forming affix. Examples will be the same: forest- n-oh; courage good- from-a;
The first block is the base
Non-derivative and derivative words belong to the field of word-formation, where the central concept is the basis - basic or producing. The derivative is derived from the basic in form and sense, that is, bilaterally, which is why it is considered to be motivating for the derivative basis. Hence, the base of the derived word is the basis of the motivating. For example, in the word forest-true, the basic basis is forest , but forest- is the basis of the adjective motivating. In this way, non-derivative and derivative words are distinguished.
The first block of this derivative structure is the basis of the forest, and it is the basic one, as in any other derivative word. It, in turn, can become unproductive, because it all depends on the ability to break into separate members. For example, the word wooded is. In all cases, everything is decided by the stage of productivity. That is, the first step is a derivative word derived from the root morpheme, here the base is non-derivative, and all subsequent steps make the word derivative.
Schemes
The derivative and non-derivative basis of a word in its derivative structure can be represented by the following schemes:
1. The basic basis (I) + word-forming suffix (II) + inflection. Examples: pride ; speech ; book- n-th.
2. Word-building prefix (II) + basic foundation (I) + inflection. Examples: just yes; right-to.
3. Word-formation prefix (II) + basic foundation (I) + word-formation suffix (II) + inflection. Examples: conversations, no-to; Primor -sk.
Thus, the main laws of word formation in Russian can be formulated from the above schemes . The derivative and non-derivative basis of the word is quite easily distinguished.
Basic fundamentals
The first rule: the word is always formed from the basic foundation that is available in the language, and word-building affixes help in this process. In general, the basic basis is a functional concept, since it can be the same for a number of words, because from one root we form several, and sometimes many others. For example, all sorts of adjectives come from a noun, which differ only in word-forming affixes: head-a - head- n-oh - head- asth; eye - eye- n-oh - eye- asth and so on.
All words have a derivative and non-derivative property, the meaning of a word mainly depends on this. But all derivatives have a basic foundation. If the base itself is segmented, then there are difficulties and even errors in the definition of word-forming affixes. For example: a noun such as talent comes from the adjective talented , and not vice versa, as always happens. At first, the noun talent had to form talented talent , and already from here a new noun appeared with the help of the affix - awn . Otherwise, it would have turned out to be “ talent ”, somehow ugly.
Affixes
The second rule: all words in the same meaning of the basic stems are obtained using the same affix or one of its kind. The principle of semantic derivability acts here, which serves as the foundation for the motivational relations of basic words and their derivatives. Of course, the phenomenon of polysemy of words adds complexity to this principle . In Russian, most of them are polysemic, and this is reflected in word formation.
The semantic structure of a derivative and polysemous source words often quite radically differs from each other. A derivative word usually has some single, separate meaning, which differs from the basic basis. Here the main role is played by the derivative and non-derivative basis of the word. Examples can be found everywhere. Take the adjective old . He has several meanings: a person, animal or object that has reached old age; something old that has existed since ancient times; long used, dilapidated, deteriorated from time to time; old; unusable, invalid; old, outdated, non-modern and many, many more. The group of derivatives of this word is numerous and is associated with the first, initial meaning of the basic foundation: senile, old man, grow old, old man, old woman, old age, grow old and so on. From here come derivatives that change their original meaning.
Non-derivative words
It is known that the boundary between classes that would represent an exact contrast, which words are derivative and which are non-derivative, is strict enough. Accentological analysis makes this distinction so that the category of non-derivatives includes words that have no semantic connection with any real word in the Russian language. There are many of them: baggage, author, living, water, strong, take and so on. In addition, words with the basis of a single-form one - barking, running and so on should be non-derivative. Also among the non-derivatives will be the words, so to speak, “simplified”.
What does “derivative and non-derivative words” mean becomes more clear when the principle of joining morphemes becomes clearer. Joining can be tight and not. How are two word forms combined into one word? Its main part is an independently existing word form. Refining and refining, red and fine, entry and exit are a million examples. Here is the last - tightly joined, and the first - loose.
Worker words
You can not confuse the derivative and the producing word. The productive one works, directly from him, the derivative appears, repeating its parental features with its material skeleton, but not completely, but in a way that approximately the son resembles both his mother and father, and even his cousin: there the ending is truncated, and sometimes and the suffix disappears. Work nickname - work; attachment - attachment and so on. Here, the producing word is invariable here, and the derivative is obtained with the help of affixes and often not identically with the usual basis of the word.
On this subject - "Derivative and non-derivative words" - the lesson summary would be interesting, since word formation is very strongly associated with all manifestations of human existence. The teacher is simply expanse in the selection of examples, comparisons, illustrations.
Analysis
It is impossible to compare a derivative word with related words, that is, close in meaning and sound, in analysis, and this is done very often. It is very difficult to give an exhaustive answer to the question of which words are called non-derivative. Derivatives are easier to operate. This term in itself is too broad, since it encompasses a huge word-building nest, where derivatives are located not only with the generating base that interests us, but also the mass of words that are not directly related to it, there are a lot of related formations.
For example, the adjective talk-chiv-yy . Here you can give related words: talk-talk, talk-talk, talk-talk, talk-or-talk . And here only one, the second, will be productive, it is from him that this adjective is directly formed. The last two are generally superfluous, they do not contribute to the chosen direction of analysis, because the adjective -spoken-spoken is not formed from a verb, but from a noun -conversation , that is, from its substantive generating basis, and the past tense (form) - from infinitive, which included suffixes to everything else as additional elements. From here, one can observe what the derivative and non-derivative basis of a word means in word formation.
And yet - the definition
Non-derivative words can be considered those that are not formed and not formed from any other root word existing in the language. Regarding derivative words, the opposite is true. These are formations from words that already exist in the language, using a variety of word-formation models. The motivation for him is the relationship of two cognate words. The meaning of one of them is determined either through the value of the other ( crab - crab-ik, that is, small, but still a crab), or through the identity in all components, excluding the grammatical meaning of part of speech ( white - white-out , run-and-run - run and so on).
A word-formation chain is a series of words with a single root that are sequentially motivated. The initial, initial link is an unmotivated word, then with each newly formed word, motivation grows. In this way, derivatives and non-derivatives are defined. Examples: old-old - old-eat - y-old-eat - y-old-eat-y - y-old-eat. There are four degrees of motivation, and together they make up a word-building nest, in which there are much more chicks. The initial word - like a mother bird, a kind of peak - it is unmotivated. From it come word-formation chains that have the same source word.
Morphemes
First, it is necessary to define each element of the structure. The part of the word where its lexical meaning is expressed is called the basis. Inflection is an ending that always indicates the relationship of this word to others. The root is the part of the word that is common to all siblings. Affixes (or formants) are morphemes that join the root and serve to form new words.
Modern Russian word formation occurs in different ways - both morphological and non-morphological. First of all, the pattern in combination of morphemes in the process of word formation.
Word formation methods
Morphological methods of word formation are quite numerous.
1. The foundation, that is, the formation of complex and complex words (earthquake, sky-vault, steam passage and paradise, face-off, savings bank ).
2. The rarely used non-affix method, acts only for nouns, the consonant at the end and the stress change there, and the basis remains unchanged.
3. Affix - of the most productive when morphemes are added to the root, creating both lexical and grammatical forms.
4. Suffix - added to the base suffix.
5. Prefix - the prefix is added.
6. Suffixal-prefixal - respectively, both are added.
7. Postfixal - affix is added after the end.
There are only three non-morphological methods of word formation: lexical-semantic (a word with a new meaning), lexical-syntactic (former phrases such as crazy-descended ) and morphological-syntactic when words become other parts of speech. Having learned these rules of word formation, a person will already be able to answer which words are derivative and which are not derivative.