Many are trying to compose poems in their youth. Some even continue to “suffer” this in adulthood, imagining themselves to be modern Pushkin - a talented and unsurpassed poet. But, unfortunately, not always what comes out of the pen of nuggets can be called real poetry. Even if you do not take into account the content of verses, the brightness of poetic images, often the technical side of the work leaves much to be desired.
The technique of versification
Important conditions for the technique of versification are size (rhythm) and rhyme. Despite the fact that today there are a lot of subcultures, where the versatility and rhythm of the lines are ignored during versification, even they fail to completely abandon rhymes. An example of this today is the fashionable youth movement called rap: youth is looking for its own ways of expressing the inner world. And for those who are developing new trends in poetic art, and those who are fans of the classical trend in poetry, it is so important today to know what rhymes are in the Russian language.
Cross rhyme
Most poems are written in such a way that they rhyme in pairs in the first and third lines, as well as the second and fourth. If during the analysis of the stanza by arcs to connect the words-rhymes, it will catch the eye such a fact: the arcs intersect, as if forming a cross. That's why this phenomenon is called "cross rhyme." A verse entitled “Reflections on the seashore” will help, with an example, to carefully consider this method of versification.
Reflections on the seashore
It's not me - it's the gulls weeping
And said goodbye to the past summer
My name was not given light ...
The sea whispered answers to them.
To the questions: “But how to live on?
How to survive, restless?
How not to see lies and falsehood in everything?
Understand a soul littered with
Junk of pain, resentment and doubt?
How to avoid mistakes
And out of a thousand hundreds of solutions
Find the right, exact answer? ”
But tired of sobs, they fell silent
Seagulls. The sea fell into a dream.
And the answers are like needles in hay,
Not to be found, since it is not God's mercy.
Male, female, dactyl and hyperdactyl rhyme: general information
Here, in each quatrain (a four-line stanza), a cross rhyme is used. Most often poets write all quatrains in one particular poem using one of several rhyming methods: either all lines end in stressed syllables (male rhyme), or all lines have female rhyme when the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, or one of the rhymed pairs The line has a male rhyme, and the other pair has a female one. Dactylistic rhyme is a little less common when the line ends in two unstressed syllables, which are preceded by a stressed one. And very rarely it is possible to meet a hyperdactyl (four- or even five-syllable) rhyme when three or more unstressed syllables follow the stressed syllable. Using all variants in one poem at once is a rather rare phenomenon.
Male, female, dactyl and hyperdactyl rhyme: a case study
In the previously presented example, male, female, and dactylic cross-rhymes can be traced as a variant of the method of versification. For example, in the first and last quatrains, the use of exclusively female rhymes is observed, and in the second stanza the first and third lines are connected by a female rhyme, and the second and third are dactylic. The third quatrain is an example of the use of the combination of female-male rhyme. In fact, here the cross rhyme is expressed by the AbAb scheme, where the capital letter is a female rhyme and the lowercase is male.
Ring rhyme
It occurs as often as a cross rhyme, a girdle rhyming line. With this method of versification, the first is combined with the fourth line, and the second with the third. As an example of encircling, and in a different way, ring rhyme, you can use this verse from the poems “About Mom”:
What can i do? Just this little thing:
Kiss wrinkled hands ...
They never knew boredom
They had no strength to rest.
As you can see from the example, here rhyme is traced in the first and fourth lines (a little - remained), as well as in the second and third (hands - boredom).
Just like a cross, a ring rhyme can have variants of male, female, dactyl and hyperdactyl, as well as their combinations. Most often, this type of versification is used in sonnets and almost never in Russian folk poetry. It first appeared in the 18th century, at the end of the syllabic period of versification. You can observe it with Antiochus Cantemir in "Letter II to his verses."
Pair rhyme in children's poetry
Speaking about the methods of composing verses, one cannot but mention the pair rhyme. Like ring and cross, paired rhyme is observed quite often in Russian poetry. This is probably the simplest, most understandable and accessible form of poetry; it is not for nothing that most of the poetic works for children are written in this way. This includes tongue twisters, and counters, and many puzzles.
For example, such riddles in verses are written in pair rhyme:
He is a hot ship, floating on matter.
And behind it is such a smooth surface - you can’t see a wrinkle!
Or:
The ears are long and the tail is short
He lives in a cage, fluffy and timid.
The famous poem about Tanya, who dropped the ball into the river, authored by Agnia Barto, just demonstrates the use of pair rhyme. And other verses, for example, about a bull-calf who went to bed in a box on the side, a sleepy bear lying in bed, and about an elephant who does not want to sleep, nodding his head and sending greetings to his elephant.
Onegin stanza
Typically, the poet writes the entire work in one, chosen by him, using either a ring, or a pair, or a cross rhyme. But Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin presented the world with an original version, which in his honor was called the “Onegin stanza”, since it appeared in the first lines of the novel “Eugene Onegin”. The Onegin stanza consists of three quatrains and a final couplet. Here, in one poem, ring, steam, and cross rhymes are immediately found. This method is still alive, and sometimes authors of poetic works turn to it in order to more clearly express their feelings and thoughts.
As an example, you can take the poems “About Mom” in full, one quatrain of which has already been considered as an example of herring rhyme.
About mom
I didn’t forget why I’m at home,
I did not forget the smell of my own.
Mom, I bought you roses!
Mummy, I'm sorry it's too late ...
What can i do? Just this little thing:
Kiss wrinkled hands ...
They never knew boredom
They had no strength to rest.
And the eyes, once bright blue
They look from the photo - faded blue ...
Hair, luxurious, beautiful,
Thinned, turned gray ...
You were waiting for me here at the doorstep -
I just got a little late ...
When analyzing the first quatrain, it becomes clear that a pair of rhyme is involved in its writing. True, it should also be noted that an assonance rhyme is used here, in which only vowels are consonant , but not consonant.
Indeed, the words “home” and “native” at first glance are quite difficult to call a rhyme. But in the word “at home” the last unstressed vowel is in the second weak position, therefore, it gives a reduced sound “b”. In the word “native” the same sound is made by the letter “o” in a shocked position. Similarly, the words "roses" and "late." True, this rhyme is amplified by the general consonant “z”.
The second quatrain was considered by us above: here is a belt or ring rhyme. In the third quatrain, a cross rhyme is used. And he completes the Onegin stanza, as required by the chosen style, couplet.
This is such a difficult matter - to write poetry. Nevertheless, one can even teach a robot to choose the correct rhyme, to choose a method of versification, to observe the rhythmic pattern. But to invest in a piece of a soul is not for everyone.