In their speech, people use the whole variety of styles of speech, depending on which society they have to communicate with. That is why it is necessary to use different styles in speech.
What are speech styles?
Speech styles are a system of linguistic ways and means of organization that have historically developed and are used in any particular sphere of human communication, his social life: the sphere of verbal and artistic creation, science, business relations, mass agitation activities, everyday communication. In this regard, the following
styles of speech are distinguished in Russian
: artistic, scientific, conversational, journalistic, and official-business. In this case, all styles, except spoken, are considered book.
In this article we will consider all styles of speech, with particular attention will be paid to the scientific style, which is used in scientific papers, textbooks, speeches at conferences. Scientific style requires more stringent rules of use than others, since it is mandatory to use terminology applicable in a narrow field of knowledge. That is why it is worth paying special attention to the scientific style of speech. Examples of texts will help to understand it in more detail.
Speech style features
The emergence of a variety of speech styles is justified by the diversity of the content of speech, as well as its goals of communication, that is, communicative orientation. It is the goals of communication that usually dictate their own rules for choosing a style in a given situation.
Each of the functional styles of speech has its own typical features, has its own lexical circle, as well as its own syntactic structure, which should be realized to a certain extent in each of the genres. Thus, each of the styles has a number of its own characteristics. All styles of speech examples and a brief description of their features will help to demonstrate.
Business style can be defined by professional terminology, precise definitions of the words and phrases used, and also thanks to the clichéd
language tools. For example: I, Mironova Alevtina Vladlenovna, please provide me with another vacation.
The main feature of the journalistic style is its expressiveness and informativeness. For example: Incredible discovery! Taras from the small village of Matroskino invented a drug that makes chickens lay silver eggs!
The artistic style is the richest in the diversity of the entire national language; in this style, the use of various descriptions and revolutions to create a vivid and memorable image is encouraged. This style enriches our speech and helps to more deeply understand what is written in the work of art, to feel and experience everything. For example: Sitting on the porch of her house, she noticed how someone began to approach the courtyard. She understood that this was returning the beloved, whom she had been waiting for several years.
The conversational style differs from everyone else in its ease and unpreparedness. For example: Hello! Imagine, yesterday I went to a party and met Pasha there. The very one that I’ve been telling you about all month!
The use of colloquial and colloquial words, lexical heterogeneity, simplified syntax, the use of facial expressions, gestures, an emotional assessment of what is happening - all these features indicate a conversational style of speech.
Scientific style of speech: main features
The scientific style is intended to communicate and explain the results of scientific work. Despite the fact that there are many areas of science, we can distinguish some of the main features that apply to the scientific style as a whole:
- logical sequence of the text;
- an ordered system of relations between all parts of utterances;
- the author’s desire for uniqueness, accuracy and conciseness in expressions.
If you have an idea of ​​all the basic features, it will not be difficult to write a text or determine the scientific style of speech. Examples of texts in this style will help to more specifically understand everything:
“Since 2009, NCC has been processing Visa, Union Card and MasterCard cards, as well as issuing combined Maestro / NCC cards. And in 2008 the company was awarded the title of International Payment System, which significantly expanded the range of its services.”
“Provide a report of 4 FSS on AHU must be the head of the enterprise or the chief accountant. If the deadlines for submitting a report to the enterprise in the person of its director are not met, a fine will be imposed in the amount established by law. ”
Underlining the scientific style of speech
As you know, in speech very rarely found styles in their pure form. In most cases, they are combined, which is the reason for the formation of sub-styles. The subfields of the scientific style include:
- scientific and business;
- scientific journalistic;
- popular science;
- scientific and technical;
- educational and scientific style of speech.
Features of the text of the scientific style at the vocabulary level
All the main distinguishing features that are inherent precisely in the scientific style of speech can be divided into three main groups: at the level of vocabulary, syntax and at the morphological level.
At the vocabulary level, the following features are inherent in scientific style:
- saturation with the terminology of a particular science;
- the use of direct meanings of words, without various metaphors and interjections;
- the use of phrases and words with an abstract meaning: number, property, law; as well as the use of verbal nouns: use, processing, study;
- a rather private use of words and phrases that indicate the sequence and connection of thoughts: therefore, vice versa, therefore, firstly, first of all, first.
All these lexical features will help determine the scientific style of speech. Examples of texts for illustrating the scientific style are presented below:
“Gastritis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the wall of the stomach. The symptoms of gastritis are as follows: stomach pain after eating or on an empty stomach, nausea, diarrhea, constipation or vomiting, etc. Based on endoscopic examination of the stomach, a diagnosis is made. "
“The most significant economic and biological criteria for the varieties are: longevity, resistance to all growing conditions (climate, pests and diseases, soil), shelf life and transportability.”
Morphological features of the scientific style text
At the morphological level, the following features should be distinguished that are inherent in the scientific style of speech:
- the use of participles, participles, as well as their speed;
- the rare use of the pronouns “I” and “we” in works and verbs in the first and second singular form;
- the use of impersonal and indefinitely personal constructions in the text.
Features of the scientific text at the syntactic level
Also, at the syntactic level, the scientific style of speech has its own characteristics, the sentences of this style have the following characteristics:
- frequent use of links and quotes;
- refusal to use exclamatory sentences or their very rare use;
- the use of graphs, charts, various formulas;
- the use of complex sentences with the use of unions for the connection of phenomena in parts of the sentence.
Scientific Style Text Examples
Examples of texts will help to identify distinguishing features and correctly determine the scientific style of speech:
“The theft problem requires timely, adequate action on the part of the business entity, namely, the use of additional tools to eliminate the potential risk on the part of the attacker.”
“Based on the results of experiments, the data on which are presented in Appendix [2] and displayed in Fig. 3, we can conclude that the change in the demand curve in the short term is affected by the price level. ”
Scientific style genres
All scientific texts should be in the form of finished works, and their structure should be subject to all the laws of the genre.
All genres can be divided into primary and secondary, depending on who exactly is the author of the text. Educational and scientific texts are also singled out in a separate group.
Primary genres include reference books, journal articles, monographs, textbooks, reviews, reports, dissertations, scientific reports, oral presentations at conferences and others. These genres can be considered primary, since they were created by the author for the first time.
Secondary texts can be considered abstracts, abstracts, theses, various abstracts, annotations. These works are secondary, because they are compiled on the basis of existing texts. When preparing such texts, information often coagulates to reduce the volume of the entire text.
The genres of educational and scientific style include lectures, seminars, term papers, abstracts. Regardless of the genre, all the basic features that are inherent in the scientific style as a whole must be respected.
How exactly did the scientific style originate?
The origin of the scientific style is determined by the development of fields of science, different spheres of human knowledge. Initially, the style of speech, scientific and artistic, were very close and similar. Later, there was a separation of the scientific from the artistic style, as various kinds of scientific terminology began to appear in the Greek language.
The scientific style gained more and more popularity in the Renaissance. It was at that time that all scientists tried to present their works as accurately as possible, but in a concise form, tried to remove emotional and artistic descriptions from the text, since they contradicted the abstract-logical reflection of nature.
However, at that time conflicts arose over the presentation of scientific material by various scientists. It is known that Kepler considered Galileo's works to be overly artistic, and Descartes considered the style of presentation of Galileo's scientific works to be “fictionalized”. In the future, the presentation of Newton is considered to be the first example of a scientific language.
The development of the scientific style also influenced the Russian language. The scientific style of speech in Russia began its development at the beginning of the 18th century. During this period, translators and authors of scientific publications began to create their own terminology. The continuation of the development of this style occurred in the second half of the 18th century thanks to the work of Lomonosov and his students. The final formation of the scientific style of Russia took place in the second half of the 19th century thanks to the scientific work of the great scientists of that time.
In this work, all styles of speech were considered. Examples have clearly illustrated the differences between them, and a detailed description of the scientific style will help you easily use it in your speech.