Railway stations and nodes are complex technological facilities. These elements make up a single travel network. Further in the article we will consider these concepts in more detail.
Railway stations
These elements of the transport network are objects equipped with special devices that provide for the reception and departure of trains, their overtaking and crossing. In addition, the railway station allows you to issue and receive goods, as well as serve passengers. Developed track devices provide for the formation and disassembly of trains, and perform their maintenance. Depending on the volume and nature of the work, the railway station can have one of five classes or be extracurricular. Belonging to a particular category is determined in accordance with the assessment of the object's performance in points.
Appointment
The railway station is the main production and business unit of the track network. At these facilities, the final and initial operations that make up the transportation process, as well as activities to ensure the movement of trains, are carried out. About 75% of the wagon turnover time is spent at the station. The operation of the facility is organized in accordance with the train schedule, the plan for their formation, the effective use of technical equipment and the technological process. The procedure for using funds is regulated by a special administrative act. On its basis, the control of the safe and unhindered departure and reception of trains, train follow-ups at the station, as well as the efficiency and rationality of internal shunting operations are monitored.
Object activity
The main principles in accordance with which the railway station operates are:
- Continuity of processing cars and trains, reducing downtime in the process of waiting for upcoming operations.
- Reducing the time spent on the execution of each stage of work.
- Maximum parallelism when processing trains.
- The interaction of various specialists involved in the implementation of station operations.
- Supervisor’s manual during the formation and analysis of the compositions.
Path classification
A station line within the boundaries of stations can be:
- The main one.
- Reception and departure.
- Loading and unloading.
- Sorting.
- Depot (carriage and locomotive facilities).
- Exhaust.
- Connective.
The latter leads to fuel bases, warehouses, container and treatment facilities, sorting and repair platforms. There are also other ways, the purpose of which is established depending on the operations performed there. Special lines are designed to service certain organizations and enterprises that are connected with a common railway by a continuous rail track. The activity of these paths extends to safety dead ends. They, in turn, serve to prevent the exit of rolling stock on train routes. Special lines also serve to catch dead ends, which are designed to stop trains or parts of them that have lost control during long descent. Those paths that perform certain functions are combined into parks for receiving, departing, sorting trains and other things. The main lines are numbered using Roman, station - Arabic numerals.
Railway junctions
These facilities are complex. They are a network of railway stations, access, bypass and connecting lines, posts at junctions. Their structure also includes complexes of overpasses between themselves and with roads and city highways. The structure of the object includes a station (railway), station, depot and other elements.
Classification
Depending on the mutual arrangement of approaches and stations, railway junctions can be of one type or another. Characterization is based on special schemes. So, a railway junction can be with one station. In this case, it is built with a small number of converging paths. The nodes may include stations located in parallel or in series. There are several types of complex objects. Railway junctions may include crosswise stations. In this case, the existing line intersects at an angle. A node of this type is constructed with a small amount of processing and does not require the arrangement of a sorting station. There is also a triangular type of object. Such a junction is constructed if there is significant correspondence between train flows between all directions converging in it. Other types include radial, annular, dead-end, combined and semi-ring.
Formulation Processing
The operation of the station is determined in accordance with the technological process. One of the main documents regulating activities at the facility is a special administrative act. In Russia, it is compiled taking into account the PTE of Russian Railways. The object map is an integral part of the act. The technological process allows you to establish the most rational order and duration of operations with wagons and trains of different categories. At the same time, the scientific organization of work and management, the formation of integrated travel teams are provided. Thanks to a set of measures, a high culture of passenger transportation services, reception and dispatch of goods, as well as the fulfillment of planned tasks for the processing of cars is ensured.
Technological process. Organization Order
The technological process is compiled for precinct, sorting, freight and passenger track stations. Competent organization of activities helps to increase labor productivity, the safety of transported goods and rolling stocks themselves. In addition, safety is ensured during shunting and train traffic, as well as reducing the cost of car processing. The technological process is developed by the engineering staff of the station together with the staff of the carriage and locomotive depot, communications and alarm systems, and track distances. Specialists of the power supply, loading and unloading section participate in the drafting. The organization of the process is carried out in collaboration with the employees of the technological group, road design bureau. When compiling the documentation, the features and working conditions of each particular station are taken into account.
Technical and administrative act
The procedure established by this document is binding on all services. The administrative act includes general information about the facility, the reception and dispatch of trains, the formation of shunting operations, and information on safety measures. The annex, as in the mandatory component of the document, contains a map of railway stations, statements, schemes, instructions and other data that relate to the organization of the rational activity of all services. In the premises where duty, shunting dispatchers, wagon inspectors are located, extracts from the administrative act are posted in switch posts.