A sentence is one of the basic concepts of the Russian language, its syntax is studied. It is no secret that people communicate with each other precisely with these units. Logically completed sentences are the basis of oral and written speech. There are a lot of varieties of this syntactic unit, detailed constructions give a special dynamism and at the same time richness to the narrative. The task of compiling a proposal consisting of several parts is not uncommon in oral and written exams. The main thing in this matter is to know the types of complex sentences and punctuation marks in them.
Compound sentence: definition and types
Sentence - as the main structural unit of human speech - has a number of specific features by which it can be distinguished from a phrase or just a set of words. Any sentence contains a statement. This may be a factual report, a question or an incentive to action. The sentence necessarily has a grammatical basis. These lexical units are always intonationally finished.
Sentences are divided into two large groups: simple and complex. This gradation is built on the number of predicative foundations. For instance:
- Snow fell in the morning. The sentence is simple with one grammatical basis: snow (subject) fell (predicate).
- In the morning, snow fell, and the whole earth seemed to be covered with a fluffy blanket. In this example, we observe a complex sentence. The first grammatical basis - snow (subject), fell (predicate); the second is the earth (subject), covered (predicate).
The types of complex sentences are distinguished depending on how the simple sentences included in its composition are combined. They can be complex, complex or non-union. Let's analyze these types of complex sentences with examples.
Complicated sentence
Compound unions are used to link parts of a complex sentence. It is worth noting that the parts in such a proposal are equal: from one to another the question is not asked.
Examples
The clock struck three nights, but the household did not sleep. This is a complex sentence, its parts are connected by a creative union of “but” and with the help of intonation. Grammatical basis: clock (subject) struck (predicate); the second - households (subject) did not sleep (predicate).
The night was approaching, and the stars were getting brighter. There are two grammatical foundations: night (subject) was approaching (predicate); the second - stars (subject), became brighter (predicate). Simple sentences are combined with the help of a compositional union and, as well as intonation.
Unions in a compound sentence
Since compositional conjunctions are used to connect sentences within a compound compound, these syntactic units will be divided into:
1. Offers with connecting unions (and, yes, yes and, and (and), too, also). Typically, these unions are used to denote events in time (simultaneity or sequence). Often they have circumstances indicating the time. For instance:
The cloud grew in size to the sky, and after a few minutes it started pouring rain. The connecting union is enhanced by the circumstance of time (in a few minutes).
2. Proposals with opposing unions (but, yes, yes, but others). In them, two events are opposed to one another. For instance:
This year we were not at sea, but our parents were pleased with the help in the garden.
In addition, in such proposals, the particle can take on the function of the opposing union.
For example: We managed to jump into the last carriage, while Andrei remained on the platform.
3. Proposals with dividing unions (either, or, or something else) Show that one of the listed events or phenomena is possible. For instance:
Either magpie chatter, or grasshoppers clatter.
Punctuation marks in compound sentences
The punctuation rule in a compound sentence is as follows: a comma is placed between simple sentences. For instance:
The leaves on the trees barely hold, and gusts of wind carry them away, laying them on the carpet. The grammatical foundations of a complex sentence are: leaflets (subject) held (predicate); gusts (subject) carry away (predicate).
This rule has one nuance: when both parts relate to a common member (addition or circumstance) - a comma is not needed. For instance:
In the summer, people need movement and do not need the spleen. At the time, the circumstance relates both to the first part with a grammatical basis, the (predicate) movement (subject) is needed, and to the second part, the basis of which is the spleen (subject) is not needed (predicate).
Snow covered the earth with a snow-white blanket and dried the frost. Here both parts have a common complement - the earth. The grammatical foundations are as follows: the first is snow (subject) enveloped (predicate); the second - frost (subject) dried (predicate).
It is also difficult to distinguish complex sentences from simple sentences with homogeneous predicates. To determine which sentences are complex, just select the predicative basis (or basis). Let's look at two examples:
- It was a sunny winter day, and in some places the red rowan berries were visible in the forest. This sentence is complex. Let us prove this: two grammatical foundations are traced: the day (subject) stood (predicate), the second - the berries (subject) were visible (predicate).
- Red rowan berries were visible in the forest and glistened in the sun with bright clusters. This sentence is simple; it is only complicated by homogeneous predicates. Let's analyze the grammatical basis. The subject — berries, homogeneous predicates — could be seen, glistened; no comma required.
Complicated sentence: definition and structure
Another complex sentence with allied communications is complex. Such sentences consist of unequal parts: the main simple sentence and one or more subordinate clauses attached to it. The latter answer questions from the primary and secondary members of the main proposal, they include a subordinate union. Parts are interconnected with the help of subordinate unions. Structural clauses are possible at the beginning, middle or end of the main. Let's look at some examples:
We will go for a walk when it is not raining. This sentence is complex. The main part has a grammatical basis: we (the subject) will go for a walk (predicate); The grammatical basis of the subordinate clause is that the rain (subject) will cease to rain. Here the subordinate clause stands after the main one.
So that you can speak eloquently, you need to read a lot of literature. This complex proposal includes the main and subordinate parts. The basis of the main thing is to read (predicate); the basis of the subordinate clause - you (the subject) could speak (the predicate). In this complex sentence, the subordinate part faces the main one.
We were surprised when we announced the results of the exam, and were alarmed by the upcoming tests. In this example, the subordinate clause “breaks” the main thing. Grammatical foundations: we (subject) were surprised, alarmed (predicate) - in the main part; declared (predicate) - in the subordinate part.
Subordinate unions and allied words: how to distinguish?
Unions are not always used to connect simple sentences as part of a complex subject, sometimes the so-called conjunctive words - homonymous pronouns - play their role. The main difference is that unions are used solely to attach parts of a proposal to each other, they are not members of the proposal.
Allied words are another matter.
Their role is played by relative pronouns, respectively, such lexical units will be members of the sentence.
Here are the signs by which one can distinguish subordinate unions from allied words:
- Most often, the union in the proposal can be omitted without losing meaning. Mom said it was time to go to sleep. Let’s change the sentence, omitting the union: Mom said: “It's time to go to bed.”
- A union can always be replaced by another union. For example: When (If) you read a lot, memory becomes better. The union word is replaced only with another allied word, or a word from the main sentence, from which we ask a question to the subordinate clause. Recall the years that (that) we spent in Naples. The union word that can be replaced by the addition of the years from the main sentence ( Remember the years: we spent those years in Naples ).
Subordinate clause
Subordinate clauses can join the main one in different ways, it depends on what part of the main sentence they explain. They can refer to one word, to a phrase or to the whole main sentence.
To understand what type of accession in a particular case, it is necessary to ask a question and analyze from which part of the main sentence it is posed.
There are several types of subordinate clauses: their distinction depends on the meaning and question that we ask from the main part to the secondary. Subordinate, predicate, definitive, additional or circumstantial - such subordinate clauses are.
In addition, the lexical subordinate clause can have several meanings (be ambiguous). For example: It's great when you can just walk along the street without thinking about anything. The value of the subordinate clause is both a condition and a time.
Multiple subordinate clause
The following types of complex sentences with subordinate connection and several subordinate clauses are distinguished: with homogeneous, heterogeneous and sequential submission. This distinction depends on how the question is asked.
- With homogeneous subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to the same word from the main one. For example: I want to tell you that good conquers evil, that there are princes and princesses, that magic surrounds us everywhere. All three subordinate sentences explain one word from the main thing - to tell.
- Inhomogeneous (parallel) subordination takes place if the subordinate clauses answer various questions. For example: When we go camping, friends will help each other, although they themselves will not be easy. Here, two subordinate sentences answer the questions when? (first), and no matter what? (second).
- Sequential submission. The question in such proposals is asked in a chain, from one sentence to another. For example: Only he who sees the beauty of the soul, who does not look at the exterior, knows that the price of words and deeds is very high. Subsidiary clauses join the main sentence: to the first we ask the question who? to the second - what?
Punctuation in a compound sentence
Parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma. She is confronted with a union. Multiple compound sentences with subordinate relationships may not have a comma. This happens if homogeneous subordinate clauses connected by non-repeating unions and, or are used. For instance:
I said that today is a beautiful day and that the sun has long risen. Here the homogeneous subordinate clauses with the foundations of the day (subject) are beautiful (predicate), the sun (subject) has risen (predicate). No comma is required between them.
Union offer
In the Russian language, there are such sentences where the connection between the parts occurs only with the help of intonation and semantic connections. Such proposals are called unionless. It rained, the last leaves fell from the trees. In this complex non-union sentence, there are two parts with grammatical foundations: in the first - the rain (subject) passed (predicate); the second - opal (predicate) leaves (subject).
In addition to intonation and meaning, the connection between the parts is carried out by their order and the temporal characteristics of verbs-predicates and their mood. Here, two subordinate sentences answer the questions when? (first), and no matter what? (second).
Types of unionless offers
Union offers are of two types: homogeneous and heterogeneous composition.
The first ones are those where the predicates have, as a rule, the same shape; their meaning is juxtaposition, opposition, or sequence of actions. In structure, they resemble complex ones, just a union is omitted from the unionless homogeneous ones. For instance:
Autumn began, the sky was covered with lead clouds. Compare: Autumn began, and the sky was covered with lead clouds.
Unions with a heterogeneous composition tend to be more complex. As a rule, such polynomial compound sentences have one part, where the main meaning of the statement is concluded. For instance:
I love winter: nature dresses beautifully, magical holidays come, it's time to get skis and skates. In the presence of union-free communication and equality of parts, the main meaning is still contained in the first, and subsequent ones reveal it.
Punctuation in a unionless sentence
Union-free communication suggests that signs in a complex sentence of this kind will be variable. Setting a comma, colon, semicolon or dash will depend on the meaning. For clarity, we give a table:
Punctuation mark | Semantic load | Verification Method | Examples |
Comma | Designate actions that occur simultaneously or sequentially | Within the meaning of | Grandmother sets the table, mom prepares dinner, and dad and children tidy up the apartment. |
Dash | Contrast | Opposing Unions (a, but) | I endure - she is indignant. |
The first sentence indicates the condition or time period | Unions when or if | You will read a lot - fresh thoughts will appear. |
The second sentence contains a corollary of the first | Union so | Doors opened - fresh air filled the whole room. |
Colon | The second sentence contains a reason | Union because | I love white nights: you can walk until you drop. |
Second sentence - clarification of the first | Union namely | Everyone was ready for parental day: the children learned poems, counselors made reports, the staff carried out a general cleaning. |
The second sentence is the addition of the first | Union what | I am sure you will never betray me. |
When one of the parts is complicated by any construction, we use a semicolon. For instance:
Singing a song, Marat strode through the puddles; nearby ran children, joyful and cheerful. Here the first part is complicated by a separate circumstance, and the second by a separate definition.
Making a proposal with a union-free connection is simple: the main thing is to focus on the meaning.
Complicated sentences with different types of communication and punctuation in them
Often the types of a complex sentence are concentrated in one syntactic construction, that is, there is an allied and non-union connection between different parts. These are complex offers with various types of communication.
Let's look at some examples.
Although he was still dozing, there was a storm of activity around the household: they snooped from room to room, talked, and scolded. The first part is the subordinate connection, the second is the composing, the third is the unionless one.
I know a simple truth: you will stop quarreling when everyone learns to listen and understand. The connection between the first and second parts is unionless, then subordinate.
As a rule, such proposals are two blocks that are connected by creative unions or completely unionless. Each block may contain several simple sentences with a subordinate or composing link.