After graduating from school, many of us forget the rules of the Russian language set forth in textbooks, but nevertheless write competently. In some cases, this is an innate sense of speech, in others it is an acquired sensation, which was formed on the basis of carefully crafted and automatized rules. And sometimes these obscurely formed remnants of school knowledge can play a trick on us. How to write: counted or counted, wipe or wipe, freeze or measure?
Verification Words
Counted or counted, if the verification - "account"? Many from school years remember the rule about test words. If the root of the verb has an unstressed vowel, but it is almost impossible to determine it by ear, then you need to use the test word. The requirements for it are very simple: it must be cognate, and the stress should fall on an unknown letter. For example: absorption is a pharynx, belittle - a little, etc.
In colloquial speech, the word "absorption" most often sounds like "absorption", but "belittle", that is, to belittle, has a brother in sound, but not at all a relative in meaning - this is the word "pray", which means to pray, to beg. The first is checked by the word "little", and the second - "Pray."
If this rule does not help ...
How are the words “count”, “wipe”, “die” written? It is felt that the letter And is present in all the examples, but the verification words are “count”, “grater” and “death”. What is the matter?
All words in which a vowel is fundamentally unstressed and causes doubts about its spelling are divided into three main groups:
- can be checked using the root word with a stressed vowel;
- the vowel alternates radically (these rules must be remembered);
- not verified in any way.
Checked vowels at the root of the word, unfortunately, can not always help us out.
For example, “orange”, “corridor”, “criterion”, “hood” and many other borrowed words most often raise a question among the Russian people regarding their spelling. Naturally, if you rummage through etymology, you will find test words, but this is much more difficult than remembering.
When does the vowel AND alternate with E in the root?
If the word contains roots: per-, der-, ter-, mer-, ber-, zheg-, brles-, chet-, stel-, erased, then the letter E will change to And, if there is a suffix after the root - a-.
How do you spell: “count”, “take”, “push against”, “burn”? With the letter And! Because after the roots chit-, bir-, pir- and gig- followed by the suffix -a-. Counting but counting; pick up, but pick up; stubborn, but push back, etc.
In fact, in such cases, the root of ber- changes to bir-; changes to feast; der is replaced by dir; thern tier-; measures on the world; burned; stel- on steel-; sterna on styr-, sparkles on blis-; even cheat.
As you can see, verifiable vowels in the root of the word here will not help in any way, this rule needs to be learned or learned to feel the Russian language.
Examples
In order to never again confuse how it is right: counted or counted, cleaned or removed, styled or laid, you need to remember the above roots.
Root ber-: picks, picks, scrambles, picks, picks, picks, picks, picks, picks, etc. But take, take, climb, choose, etc.
Root per-: to pry, poke, punch, poke, poke, pivot, pivot, unlock, pivot, railing, locked up. But to support, lock, push, support, unlock, lean, etc.
The root der-: pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls, pulls off, pins, fights. But rip, rip, rip, rip, quibble, etc.
Shine Root-: Shine, Shimmer, Spinner, Gleam, Shine. But shine, shine, brilliant, etc.
Root burned (h) -: burned out, burn out, set fire, burn (what did?), Burn (trace on the skin, wound). But to light, burn, burn, burning, ignition, etc.
The root of the measures: freeze, die, death, dead, kill, dead, dead, deadly. But dying, dying, dying, dying, etc.
The root of the stele is: to cover, to remake, to lay, to lay. But to pave, pave, pave, pave, pave, etc.
The root is erased: to prostrate, but to stretch.
The root is grated: wipe, wipe, wipe, grate, wipe, wipe, rub. But wipe, rub, rub, rub, rub, rub, rub, etc.
Root odd (s) -: count, even, subtract. But count, count, count, count, count, count, worship, prefer, etc.
Other words must be formed on the same principle.
Verification Word
By the word “count”, as with the rest, you can still pick up a test word, for example, “count”. But this is a trap, since we are used to the fact that such “revenues” are shorter and often consist of only one root. It is unlikely that such a long word with a prefix and several suffixes immediately comes to mind. Most likely, the word “count” will come to mind and will knock us off the right track.
PerBer TerDer MerGegT evenSteel glitters. This simple reader is suggested to be remembered by students at school, so that in the future such difficulties do not arise.
Other letter alternations in the root of the word
Not only E can change to And, but O can change to A. Tan, but sunbathe; tilt, but bow down, expound, but spell out. How is everything confusing ...
Do not be scared. Firstly, O and A are better tapped, and, therefore, the chances of making a mistake are much less, and secondly, there are several clearly formulated rules that will help in this matter.
Without stress, the letter O is written in the roots: gor-, clone-, tvar- and pilaf- (and only in the root of zor- in an unstressed position is A written). With stress, the letter A (in the case of the root, the opposite is true).
Sometimes O changes to A, based on the delicate context of the word: soak, but dip; equal conditions, but even path.
If the object is saturated with liquid, passes it through itself, then the root is used; if the object is immersed in liquid, then max.
Equal root is present if there are two objects or quantities that need to be compared: compare, equalize (but equally and peer); if we are talking about the surface, then it’s more correct to use the root is even: flat road, flatten with the ground (but plain).
Reminding yourself of these rules, you will no longer be wondering how to correctly - count or count, overwrite or overwrite, ignite or ignite.