A fairly popular subject of psychological research is the cognitive processes of humans and animals. Depending on the complexity, it is customary to distinguish three levels of the psyche or mental reflection of reality: these are sensory and perception, representations and the highest - verbal-logical level. Let's try to understand in more detail with the first.
Sensory Perceptual Processes
Perceptual is the perceiver, to put it another way. Perception is cognition and, as a result, the formation in the mind of a holistic image of an object or environmental phenomenon. It should immediately be said that immediate sensations and perceptions differ from each other. Despite the fact that without separate sensations arising as a result of the action of reality on the senses (sensors), perception could not exist, it cannot be reduced only to them.
Sensations create the basis, but perceptual is a qualitatively different process, more active and meaningful. For example, you can compare how you can just hear sounds and listen carefully, see and deliberately watch, observe someone or something.
The main properties of perception
Much theoretical work is devoted to a detailed analysis of sensory-perceptual organization in humans, the author is the famous Soviet psychologist B. G. Ananyev. From the point of view of specialists in this field, we can distinguish the following characteristic features of perception:
- Subjectivity: our perception is aimed at distinguishing a certain object from the surrounding space and studying it.
- Structurality. For example, we can easily understand the text, even if the letters are rearranged in it. This is due to the fact that it reflects the composition of the written, which has remained the same.
- Integrity, that is, the perception of the whole object or person as a whole, and not in disparate parts.
- Meaningfulness - the ability to understand the meaning of the image of perception, determine its specificity and attribute it to any category.
- The constancy of the properties of things, despite the situation and physical conditions in which a person perceives them.
- The activity and selectivity of perception is a preference in the cognition of one object for another.
Differences between perception and apperception
Along with perception, the concept of apperception, closely related to it, is distinguished. The perceptual process is perception. Apperception also represents the reception and processing of visual, auditory and other information. Adding to the main concept of the prefix up is designed to show the complexity of perception. We do not just hear, see, feel the taste, smell and touch - the result of this passes through an individual prism. It necessarily includes the previous perceptual experience, on the basis of which a judgment is made about the subject. So we compare each image with the existing standards of form - a circle or a triangle, colors - green or a shade of a sea wave, etc.
Specific knowledge and skills, the current state mediate our study of the world and determine the differences in the perception of different people. Personal influences have a great influence - inclinations, interests, character, lifestyle in general, which affect, among other things, the perception of ourselves.
Perceptual communication
What does it consist of? As we found out, perceptual is a synonym for the word perceiving. One can perceive not only inanimate things, animals, the attitude is also formed in the “man-man” plan. This means that even in communication there is a perceptual side. That is, it is the perception and evaluation of other people. Perceptual communication also involves the ability to feel the person you are talking to and the mood, to understand his needs and desires, and motives for behavior.
There are a number of factors on which interpersonal interaction may depend. Firstly, it is a fact of the superiority of the other in certain parameters, due to which he will be perceived as an authoritative personality and, accordingly, have a positive image. Secondly, the external attractiveness of the partner. Great sympathy is enjoyed by beautiful people. Thirdly, the attitude towards the observer. If the partner treats you well, then most likely it will cause the same reciprocal feelings. Each of these points can reduce the adequacy of
social perception and significantly affect the impression of someone.