The -ed ending in English allows you to bring communication to new times - past and perfect. Studied at the elementary level. The use of this ending is necessary for the formation of the logical or artistic content of the text. Ignoring the rule leads to violations in the construction of the entire text. It is as if in Russian we said: "I am coming home," "I am before work." That is, we use only one form of the verb - the infinitive - and it looks awful and hard to read. The rules for -ed in English form a strict order of correct spelling and pronunciation. Consider them in order, starting with the rules of construction.
Spelling
When writing, the -ed ending is simply added to the word. For example: talk - talked, open - opened, close - closed.
There are several exceptions to the writing:
- When -e is at the end of the verb, only -d is added. For example: agree - agreed, smile - smiled, save - saved.
- If the word ends with -y, which is preceded by a consonant, then -y is replaced by -i and the ending -ed is added. For example: marry - married, cry - cried, try - tried.
- If the consonant is at the end, in front of which there is a stressed vowel, then the final consonant is doubled. For example: stop - stopped, drop - dropped, rob - robbed.
Pronunciation
One of the main mistakes is pronunciation. Many pronounce the ending -ed as [ed], which is incorrect. The correct option is [id], [t] or [d], depending on the situation.
For example, use cases with the sound [id]: invited [invaitid], visited [visitid]. Used only after sounds [t] or [d].
Pronunciation with sound [t] is used after deaf consonants (except for [t]). For example: helped [helpt], liked [laikt].
The sound [d] is pronounced after voiced consonants (except for [d]) or vowels. For example: loved [lสvd], called [kษหld].
Ignoring these pronunciation rules may be fraught with distortion of meaning, and it will be difficult for the other person to understand you. So itโs better to memorize these rules and develop the habit of following them. You also do not need to drown out the endings, which should be voiced. It takes practice. Itโs best to try to pronounce the words slowly, sound by sound, only then you can develop the correct pronunciation.
Regular and irregular verbs
Very important point: verbs are right and wrong. We considered the correct ones in the previous examples. When the past tense or passive voice is formed, the ending -ed is added to these verbs in accordance with the rules.
Moreover, the correct verbs completely coincide in the second and third forms. That is, when using the tenses of the Perfect group, we put the verb in the third form and, since both forms coincide, we write in the same way. For example, take the verb live and write out all three forms:
- live;
- lived;
- lived.
With irregular verbs, the situation is more complicated. Each of them has its own second and third forms. They may or may not coincide. For example, take the verb build:
- build;
- built;
- built.
Or, another example - the verb break (break):
- break;
- broke;
- broken.
There is no rule for the formation of irregular verbs, you just need to remember them. For this case, there are special tables of irregular verbs.
Using
The form of verbs with the ending -ed is mainly used in the affirmative form Past Simple (past simple), that is, when it is necessary to say about past events (eating, sleeping, doing, etc.). At such a time, the verb is put in the second form. Moreover, in the denial or question, the ending -ed is not used, because there is an auxiliary verb did, which means that the main verb does not change.
For example, the affirmative form Past Simple: I played football yesterday. - Yesterday I played football.
Negative form: I didn't play football yesterday. - Yesterday I did not play football.
Interrogative form: Did you play football yesterday? - Did you play football yesterday?
Also, the -ed ending is used in Passive Voice (passive voice), that is, when we need to emphasize the importance of the property or action of the object. For example: The TV was sold. We emphasize exactly the properties of the TV (it is sold).
All Perfect tense forms suggest the use of the third form of the verb. In our case, we consider regular verbs, which means that the third form will be identical to the second.
For example, use in Present Perfect: We have decided to go home - We decided to go home.