Sentence schemes in Russian are needed to explain the punctuation. They are also indispensable in the analysis of this syntactic unit, especially when it comes to a complex sentence. Direct speech causes difficulties for almost every student. If, at the stage of studying this topic, one learns to draw up a corresponding graphic explanation, there will be absolutely no problems with punctuation. We will analyze what constitutes a sentence scheme, consider an example of a simple, all types of complex, as well as units with direct speech. This will help to delve deeper into the topic.
What the offer scheme includes
To begin with, we will understand what a proposal scheme is and why it is needed. Many consider this element of parsing only a whim of the teacher, which has no meaning. This is not true. A correctly drawn graphic style will help in further analysis of the syntactic unit.
What should be indicated when drawing up the scheme?
- Predicative basis. The main members must be indicated in order to prove that we have before us a sentence (because it is distinguished from a phrase by this criterion), correctly defined subject and predicate will help to attribute the syntactic unit to one-part or two-part.
- If the sentence is complex, then the unions connecting its parts are indicated. These same objects are noted if they are used with homogeneous members.
- Sentence schemes in Russian may contain complicating elements. In the next section, we will analyze which ones.
It is also worth saying that the graphic display of the proposal is usually enclosed in brackets. They contain every simple sentence. Simple sentences are actually enclosed in square brackets, and they are also part of a compound and non-union. If we are talking about a complex subordinate syntactic construction, then its main part is enclosed in square brackets, and the subordinate clause in round brackets.
What complicates the proposal
As mentioned above, a simple sentence scheme may include elements that complicate it. We list them, give examples.
- Homogeneous members. They are enclosed in circles in a pattern. In addition, with homogeneous terms there can be a generalizing word. It is indicated by the letter "o" enclosed in a circle.
- Separate definitions (participles): "Plants that require careful care must be distributed to students for the holidays." In this sentence, there is a sacrament involved following the defined word “plants”. Accordingly, it should be reflected in the scheme, as well as the member of the proposal to which it relates. [X, | P.O. |, =]. It can be not only the participles, as well as inconsistent definitions, agreed, single and widespread. As well as applications.
- Separate circumstances (specifying members of a sentence, participles, solitary participles): "Having done housework, Masha sat down to read her favorite book." In this proposal there is a participial circulation, which must be included in the scheme. [| TO |, - =]. We give an example with a refinement. "In a village house, in a cool cellar, delicious grandma's pickles were stored." Clarifying circumstances of the place are highlighted with commas and indicated on the diagram. [X, | YO |, = -].
- Introductory words and addresses. These syntax elements are separated by commas, and they must also be entered into the schema. Here are some examples. "Sergey, bring me a sip of water." The message "Sergey" is displayed like this: [Oh, =]. Also with introductory words: "They, of course, did not obey their parents." We reflect the introductory word "of course" like this: [-, B.V. SL, =].
Simple sentence
The scheme for parsing a simple sentence will be clearer with an example. Compose it and give a complete description of the syntactic unit. "We, limping, went to a dilapidated house, hiding among the lush greenery."
To begin with, it is necessary to determine the grammatical basis, both the characteristic and the sentence scheme depend on this. An example is a simple two-part sentence with the base “we approached”. We make the basis of the scheme.
Next, you need to see if the syntax unit is complicated. By the presence of punctuation marks, we can safely say yes. Here there is a separate solitary geyser "lame" and the sacrament "hiding among the lush greenery." These elements are reflected in the scheme.
[-, | D |, = X, | P.O. |]. Here is a sentence diagram, an example of which we gave at the beginning of the section. However, it should be noted that it is academically composed correctly, but some teachers can make their own requirements. For example, regardless of uniformity, enter all the minor members of a sentence. The circuit then grows and becomes bulky. Although, sometimes it is necessary at the initial stage of the study of syntax.
Complicated sentence
Now let’s see what complex sentences represent in a graphic display. The only difficulty in drawing up their schemes is to determine the boundaries of simple parts. In addition, it is necessary to know well the difference between complex and complex sentences, because their schemes are radically different. To begin, we will analyze the first type. Define the distinguishing features of all schemes:
- In a complex sentence, parts are equal, respectively, they are indicated by square brackets.
- The Union is not part of simple sentences as part of a complex compound, therefore it is put out of brackets.
- The characteristic of each simple part is given.
We will analyze what constitutes a proposal scheme. An example is this: "The rain was already ending, and in the sky, shining with dim rays, the sun was looking out, giving hope for a good day."
To begin with, we prove that we have a complex sentence. The first part has the prediction basis "rain has ended"; the second - "the sun was peeking out." Between the parts there is a conjunctive union of "and", a creative one. In this case, it passes the value of the sequence of events. The first part, although widespread, is not complicated by anything. The second is complicated by the participle and participial circuits. They will certainly be included in the scheme. [- =], and [..., | D.O. |, = -, | P.O. |]. Let's make an explanation: it was necessary to put an ellipsis at the beginning of the second part, since the ad-participial revolution is located in the middle (in front of it is the circumstance of the place “in the sky”).
Complex sentence
The complex sentence has a completely different scheme, its differences in the following:
- There is a division into the main part and subordinate clauses, and the latter can be located anywhere and even tear the main part.
- The union is part of a simple sentence (entered in brackets).
- The connection between the parts can be different, therefore, in addition to the horizontal scheme, a vertical one is sometimes compiled.
Let's analyze specific examples: “After a few minutes, all the houses that had recently seemed like fairy-tale huts in a green meadow disappeared.”
The main part from the subordinate clause is distinguished by two aspects: firstly, the question of the subordinate clause is posed from it, and secondly, it does not comprise the union. Accordingly, the first simple sentence is just that. We enclose it in square brackets. The second sentence is the subordinate clause: it contains a union (in this case, a union word). Also, it is to him that we ask a question from the words of the main part: "huts (what?) That recently seemed ...". The adnexal part is complicated by the sacramental turnover. The scheme will be as follows: [= -], (which = X, | P.O. |).
Another example: "The summer house, where we rested in the summer, was located in a picturesque place surrounded by a rich forest."
The difficulty in this sentence is that the subordinate clause “breaks” the main thing. In the subordinate part there is a complication - the participle turnover. The scheme will be as follows: [-, (where - =), = X, | P.O. |].
Direct speech at the end of the sentence
What is a direct speech sentence outline? As you know, such a syntactic unit consists of actually someone else’s speech and the words of the author. Depending on how these parts are located in relation to each other, the circuit will look like. The square brackets of each component unit are equal.
In the sentence: He said: “Let's go talk face to face”, the author’s words come first, and then a direct speech. The diagram will look like this: [A]: “[P.R]”, since this construction conveys the direct speech of a person, question and exclamation marks are often at the end of a sentence, which must be reflected in the diagram.
Examples: A girl, turning, asked: "What time is it?" We draw attention to the fact that the author’s words in this case are complicated by a single, detached participle. [-, | D |, =]: “[P.R.?]”.
Yuri shouted loudly: "Get down!". [A]: "[P.R.]!".
Direct speech in the middle of the sentence
The sentence diagram with a direct speech in the middle will be as follows:
She stood up and said loudly: "I do not want to participate in this lawlessness!" - After that she left the living room.
[A: [“P.R.!”] - a].
Please note that after direct speech, the author’s words must be written with a small letter.
Also, if a question mark or exclamation mark is not required, a comma is placed after direct speech.
Example: Masha read: “Wipe your feet,” and entered the hallway. [A: "[P.R.]", - a].
Direct speech at the beginning of the sentence
Direct speech can start a sentence. In this case, the scheme is as follows:
“Listen to quiet music,” the composer said, and began to play a leisurely tune.
“[P.R.]”, - [a].
If direct speech is an exclamation or incentive sentence, a comma is not needed:
“May I come in?” - was heard outside the door. “[P.R.?]” - [a].
“We will try again and again!” - the coach encouraged me. “[P.R.!]” - [a].
Now you are familiar with the main types of offers and their schemes.