Artificial intelligence, similar to natural, is reality. At the end of the last century, there were several projects that not only justified such an opportunity, but also showed concrete results.
The widespread introduction of computer technology has led to a moral obligation for distinguished academicians, professors and eminent specialists (elite) to take an active part in the process and “lead the wave”. The authority of the elite is a strong thing, everything that declines below the rank, and the young scientific and technical generation (students, postgraduate students, engineers) goes underground so that when it is over, a little later, you can live and work.
To fall under the hot hand of elite knowledge, inspired by the pink prospects of the blitzkrieg in anticipation of world recognition, means never to do anything, and you can say goodbye to a career forever.
Fantasy and starting foundation
Fiction writers, fans, skilled engineers, really respected scientists and educated specialists have always thought about artificial intelligence, wrote, sighed and fantasized how to make artificial intelligence.
When computers gained strength and began to demonstrate stable operation, when programming became stronger, and programming languages adopted the status of a practical and reliable tool. When database management systems appeared and experts saw practical results ... Then even an ordinary qualified specialist saw how powerful a program that processes information can give. It was thought: after all, she can study, she can draw conclusions and solve problems, probably, artificial intelligence can already be created, and this will be a step into the future.
Objective reasons for the first failure
All scientific centers and schools began to design expert systems, create knowledge bases, design intelligent systems and write popular articles, exciting public interest.
Historically, there were three scientific centers: Novosibirsk, Moscow and Kiev. Scientists and specialists from St. Petersburg, Minsk, Kazan, Perm and other cities took part from time to time.
There were no results, but there was a lot of talk and fuss. Meanwhile, computers have already been introduced at large enterprises, and automated control systems and databases have already been created.
The first All-Union Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Pereslavl-Zalessky, November 1988), having absorbed the voluminous works of the elite, showed zero intellectual and energy potential.
- On the technical side, there were all the possibilities for creating artificial intelligence. It’s just that the elite did not have the necessary knowledge and skills.
The elite has not yet departed from the creation and management of large enterprises for the production of programs and was held captive by the ideas of automated control of technological processes.
- The program will do everything - the elite claimed. But the program is not capable of development. The program acts only as defined by the author.
No intelligence could even have arisen either in the program or in elitist knowledge.
Real projects of the last century
If we understand artificial intelligence (AI) as a semblance of natural intelligence , then its creation requires public sanction, legal support and state protection. This is too serious for man and society. Artificial intelligence is a state-wide program.
This is in demand, interesting and practical, if AI is an intelligent system:
- enterprise management;
- calculation of the trajectory of the spacecraft;
- public transport management;
- providing proper nutrition at school;
- sporting events, etc.
The emergence of the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) and the creation of a community of TRIZ specialists are an excellent occasion for creating an intelligent system. But the “Inventing Machine” project (late 80s) was never implemented.
The reasons for the failure. Orientation to the language of artificial intelligence "Prologue", the lack of a reasonable organization of work and the ambitions of the elite led to intellectual anarchy in the work collective, in which, moreover, there was not a single qualified specialist.
But the result was still. Attention was attracted, new knowledge appeared among specialists, experience was gained.
By and large, the task was primitive: there is a database of inventions, physical, chemical and other effects (patterns), it was just necessary to competently write a dialogue with a user engineer and help realize his creative potential at the enterprise.
Another interesting project was built on a less rich theoretical basis and the complete absence of an external environment. The theory of primitive reflexes is the result of a generalization of developments in the psychology of behavior, logic of thinking and particular tasks.
Task 1. There is a mouse and there is a maze. Any maze, it is built by anyone, but not the author of the program. Result: the mouse studied, memorized errors and went through any maze. The implementation was performed on an Atari computer, the language is Basic.
Task 2. A child under three years old (figuratively). The task is to teach the little man situational behavior: mom, dad, ball, toy, Masha is good, Petya is a boy, a round object, water flows, rolls and flies a ball, what is your name, etc. - primitive dialogues from pink childhood. The implementation was performed on a DCK computer (PDP / 11). Language "Assembler".
- Result 1: The program did what it was designed to do. I understood the question and gave the answer. She studied and answered similar questions adequately.
The second result is especially important!
- Result 2: An outsider passed by, but I wanted to laugh at the intellectual program. The theme of childhood was of little interest to him. But he himself taught this program elementary arithmetic: add, multiply, divide. This is the first sign that the program can be called intellectual: a real step into the future - it solved a problem for which it was not programmed.
There were not so many similar projects in the late 80s, but they were. For various reasons, they did not take place and did not reach the practical result.
Perestroika may have contributed to this, but there is a characteristic moment: on the other side of the ocean and in the high-tech Land of the rising sun, where it was quiet, calm, a lot of money and technology, the result also failed, and the question of how to make artificial intelligence remained open.
Object oriented programming
From the pinnacle of modern knowledge, it can be argued that none of the projects of the last century on the creation of an intellectual system could take place, and if it did, it would be subject to a radical alteration. This is due to civil strife: programming languages fought for the palm, and the development of programming technologies did not bother anyone.
Specialists did not know how to work quickly, did not have the necessary knowledge and skills.
Only in the early 90s did the contours of the transition to object-oriented programming emerge and a real opportunity to achieve real results began to appear.
Supercomputer technology and artificial intelligence is not that party. Computers should be fast and reliable, but that’s not enough. Classical programming on a computer of any power will not give the desired result. The result of the programmer’s work is a program, and this is the frozen knowledge of the author.
The question is how to make artificial intelligence, in fact, the question is how to realize the dynamics: the program should develop beyond the will of the author and solve problems for which the author did not subscribe.
Hypertext HTML & XML
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a technology, tool, concept. At the time of its birth, the PLO fell into the wrong environment. Programmers used OOP as a tool for creating an interface, software constructs, communication channels, file system, but not for real objects.
A real object is, for example, a word, phrase, sentence.
Instead, hypertext has come into the world of information technology. The Internet is grateful for a new approach to the formalization of information, but this is not development to artificial intelligence, but inhibition to it. A characteristic feature of the mentality of a qualified programmer is to keep the consumer (user) at a distance and improve the level of misunderstanding by the latter of the real situation.
Doctors do the same. If you tell a lot to the patient, it means that he will think a lot and be sick longer. But medicine cares about human health and can be justified.
Programming is hard to justify. We are talking about processing consumer information (user). The programmer has no right to limit the rights of the owner (owner) of information and to reserve the exclusive right to own what does not belong to him.
Object and system of objects
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is real: an object and systems of objects, and this is a real answer to the question of how to make artificial intelligence. This is a valid technology and guaranteed result.
To create a simple intellectual system, it is quite enough to implement the objects: “word”, “phrase”, “sentence”. To formulate the object “symbol” and to determine the system of interaction between the created objects. Next, you need to implement the grammar and syntax of the natural language. Next, you need to start teaching the intellectual system the ability to solve a problem.
Outwardly, everything looks simple. Technologically it can be solved, but it is not artificial intelligence. A program cannot be called intellectual as long as it functions by will (based on the author’s algorithm).
Everything that is called intellectual can function only on the basis of knowledge (and knowledge acquired personally). Only when a program can accumulate and apply knowledge (learns) can it be considered almost intellectual. If the program can transform the acquired knowledge into solving related problems, the goal is almost achieved.
The elite is gone, the Oracle has come
The new century was not particularly keen on artificial intelligence. Public consciousness was puzzled by social and economic problems. But leading IT companies and successful corporations in the field of information technology have accumulated enough knowledge and skills to summarize and use them at the expert level.
The elite remained in the last century. In the new century, information technology monsters, developers of large databases and expert systems, entered the arena. Technological bottlenecks remained, but programming today is an amazingly fast process. Everyone needs everything and needs to be done quickly.
Oracle is the undisputed leader and undisputed authority. This is an indicator of the dynamics of the information industry. Throughout its product line, the word intelligence in action is traced. Actually, this is not the application of artificial intelligence in practice, but it is a really demanded application of the knowledge of Oracle specialists in a real situation.
Almost all companies operating in the information sphere have adopted and began to apply expert knowledge in their products. The accumulated experience lay in the system of standard reactions to user questions. All questions to which the product of the company could not answer itself flew to a call-center, info-center or support, where the specialist gave a human answer.
Great and practical technology. Artificial Intelligence Programming on the fly! The user of the company's product does not care how he received the answer to his question, how exactly the problem was solved. He got the result. Is artificial intelligence in the product of this company or not, the consumer does not care. The user (consumer) needs the result.
Chinese boats
A cat or robot dog with artificial intelligence that Tamagotchi. The idea is gorgeous, but entertaining. This is not about intelligence, but about emotions. The buyer receives satisfaction from owning a smart product of technological progress and has something to show friends. Peace idea.
The combat version of the robot with artificial intelligence in a frightening performance.
Like thunder in broad daylight, the media presented the successes of Chinese scientists. A couple of hundred drones, executed in the form of ships, painted aerobatics at sea.
Beautiful paintings were painted by boats. They walked smoothly, then broke into groups, described circles and converged back. A great number of aerobatics were performed, but information flashed on the air and disappeared into space.
It would be interesting to see how these Chinese robots can keep their order and how many figures they can write on the safest Belarusian swamp.
Flying, crawling, floating
The fashion for drones of all kinds of troops among the military of all countries has turned into a disease. But here is the question. If you block the connection, eliminate the operator or turn off the electricity, what will the “iron warrior” do in the air, on land and at sea?
But the manufacturer declares undoubted fighting qualities, armed with artificial intelligence. And if the oil runs out in the engine or the propeller sticks? You never know, the elephant will block the review. There are many options and situations. Such artificial intelligence has no chance.
If we talk about artificial intelligence, then any flying, crawling or floating combat intellectual product must receive a task, complete it and return to their base on their own. Well, since this is not there, then there will be no artificial intelligence in the next few years.
About the essence of things: what does a person need?
It is doubtful that society is ready for the arrival of smart robots. There are already smart homes, but software development technologies do not provide an account of all the options for the “life” of a smart home.
There are always many options, and a team of highly qualified programmers can foresee only what he knows and is written in the technical task.
To implement the training option for a smart home does not work. Any mistake (the smart home has learned), but what will the household say? If the smart home learned to restore power or clean the sewer, and the learning process took only one week?
The second failure and the second attempt to learn something will be fraught with the elimination of smart home software, and the owner will be right. You need to learn on the side, and not in real life.
Modern technologies are not ready to realize artificial intelligence in full, which involves taking into account all possible situations. However, it is impossible to take into account all situations.
By limiting the use of software to specific “intellectual” limits, one can find a person’s interest in using them. Practice shows: you can’t provide everything, do what you’re absolutely sure of and the consumer will be satisfied.
About the reality of artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence, similar to natural, is reality. At the end of the last century, this has been proven in practice. If we can talk about several successful projects in one place on Earth, it means that in reality there are a little more.
Nothing ever happens in a single copy, nature always duplicates everything and the results of human hands, too.
The essence of artificial intelligence is knowledge, not a program. Knowledge should be the basis for the acquisition and use of new knowledge. Man is the crown of nature, but his "engine" in a logical sense is technically reproducible.
Emotions, souls, and ideas about morality should not be emphasized. From artificial intelligence is not required so much: just to help people in solving everyday problems.