Communication of people is carried out through language. It is a method of expressing and shaping feelings and thoughts. Language is a means of assimilation of new information and knowledge, an instrument of effective influence on feelings and mind. To realize these functions, a native speaker needs to be good at it. In humans, in other words, a speech culture must be developed . As a means of expressing thoughts and feelings, a voice message or printed text can act. Styles of the literary language can interact with each other. So, in some publications tools of different genres can be used. Next, we will analyze what styles of the literary language exist and why they are needed.
Terminology
The word "style" has ancient Greek roots. In those days they wrote on waxed tablets using a needle - a stylet. Stylistics refers to a specific section of vocabulary. Within its framework, the study is carried out of the features of the use of means of expressing thoughts and feelings depending on the situation, goals and content of statements, conditions and sphere of communication. The section directly explores the styles of the literary language, introduces them at all levels. Discipline studies the organization of correct, expressive, logical, and accurate speech. The lesson "Styles of the literary language at school" teaches the appropriate and conscious application of lexical laws and means.
Directions
Linguistic stylistics studies language and speech. The first direction introduces the structure of vocabulary. Language, grammar and phraseological tools are also being studied. The second direction, first of all, explores the various types of speech, as well as their conditionality by different goals of the statement. Stylistics at its core should have a sequentially functional character. With its help, the connection of various speech types with the purpose, topic of utterance, addressee, communication conditions, the author’s attitude directly to the subject should be revealed.
Basic concepts
The most important categories of discipline include styles of literary language. They are used in various areas of public life. Style is a kind of literary language through which the expression of thoughts and feelings in the process of communication is carried out. Each of them is characterized not only by a peculiar set of tools, but also by their unique combination. There are different functional styles of the modern literary language. There are five in total. More "closed" is considered the official business style of the literary language. The most common in everyday life is conversational. There is also a scientific style of literary language. It belongs to the written-book speech type. A special place is occupied by the artistic style of the literary language. This is due to the variety of tools used in creating images to influence the feelings and mind of readers. The concept of scientific style is considered wide enough. It unites various types of publications in their form, diverse in content and purpose. The journalistic style of the literary language is considered a communicative book means of transmitting information. Next, we will consider each of them in more detail.
Oral form
All its distinguishing features can be wholly attributed to the colloquial style. However, this concept should not be confused with the definition of “spoken language”. The latter is considered a broader phenomenon. The conversational style is implemented mainly in oral speech. However, other genres may also be present. These include, for example, a report, a lecture, a report, etc.
Key features
The conversational style is characterized by ease of presentation, its expressiveness, concreteness. Moreover, the author expresses a subjective attitude to the stated. The conversational style is characterized by the direct influence of various extralinguistic elements.
Lexical groups
There are only two of them. The first includes colloquial common words. They, in turn, also form subgroups and categories. So, they distinguish colloquial everyday and literary vocabulary. The first is adjacent to vernacular. This subgroup consists of two categories. The first group includes vernaculars located on the border of literary use. It is inherently not coarse, domestic, somewhat familiar. For example, they often say instead of potatoes - potatoes, instead of messing around - fines and so on. The second category includes harsh, extra-literary vocabulary. For example, instead of pushing, drive up, instead of walking idle, hang around and wander around. Vulgarisms as well as swear words can also be attributed to this category. For example, lackey, die, die and others. Such elements are used, as a rule, in the image of negative life phenomena. The second subgroup includes such categories as professionalism (names of animal species; for example, brown bear - oatmeal, vulture, anthill and others), dialectisms (stubble - stubble, squirrel - venx, etc.), slang words (nature - plein air , pleasure - plezir, etc.), argot language (young - salag, betray - to split, etc.). A sufficiently large number of jargon appeared in the speech of the ruling class before the revolution. Some of them are preserved from declassed elements. Slang vocabulary has a connection with the age community of certain generations. For example, such words as “couple” (two), “cheat sheet” and others are popular among young people. It should be noted that the described discharges differ in a narrow sphere of distribution.
Common words
This is the main layer of conversational style. It includes two categories of words. This, in particular, is colloquial and, in fact, colloquial. These categories are quite close to each other - the line existing between them is very mobile, unsteady and often hardly perceptible. This is indicated by the presence of different notes in various dictionaries. So, for example, such words as “really”, “squatting” in the Explanatory Dictionary of the editorial board of Ushakov refer to colloquial, and in the publication of the Modern Literary Russian language to colloquial. Some items are double-marked. This is due to the fact that a large number of common dialectisms go into the category of colloquial words.
Feature and Syntax
In a conversational style, words with emotionally expressive features predominate. They can be affectionate, contemptuous, diminutive, abusive, ironic and others. As for the syntax, it is characterized by incompleteness, defaults, a large number of incomplete sentences, numerous repetitions. We use plug-in constructions, exclamations, questions, including rhetorical ones, as a summary or as a form of emotional statement. Inversion is also applied for different parts of speech. This is especially true for adjectives acting as definitions in nominal phrases.
Clarity and accuracy
The styles of modern Russian literary language are distinguished by the variety of means used within them. Some of the features of one form of presentation can be found in some others. However, not all styles of the literary language interact with each other. Some media are not applicable in one category or another. As mentioned above, the formal business style is considered the most withdrawn of all. It combines all sorts of documents. This is a business correspondence, and official government acts. In the sources you can find one or another language difference. They depend on the purpose of the documents themselves. However, despite their presence, this style as a whole is characterized by many specific features. These, in particular, include accuracy, clarity, imperativeness, objectivity and completeness of utterance, concreteness and clarity of wording. All these properties are determined by the main purpose of the documents - to ensure the flow of information on indisputable facts. Formal business style is also characterized by laconicism and logical presentation, as well as special forms in accordance with which the material is located.
Document heterogeneity
Without a specific standard form, some papers lose their legal value. This group can, for example, include a passport. Others print as a template. Such papers include, for example, letterhead. But others may not have standard stable forms. This group includes reports, business correspondence, protocols and more.
Features of the documentary presentation
At the lexical level, in particular, there are peculiar words and phraseology that other styles of the literary language do not have. These include the following: resides, person (person), is provided (given), covers an area (lives), and others. Also, emotional coloring is not characteristic of documents. They do not contain elements that are rich in other styles of the literary language. For example, colloquial words are not found . In this genre, language standards are widespread. They often use exquisite prepositions: due to, for purposes, in the field, from the side and others with verbal nouns. Other verbal stencils are also used, which are quite appropriate in some varieties of style. This genre is characterized by the use of both “high” vocabulary and elements in a figurative rather than a direct meaning. For example, the state, now departed, and others. They give speech significance and solemnity. A number of international documents use complimentary vocabulary. For example, such appeals are popular: Madame, Your Excellency, Their Highness and others.
The second, relatively closed genre of presentation
In this case, we are talking about a scientific style. It includes articles in specialized journals, monographs, reference and encyclopedic, industrial and technical educational publications, abstracts, annotations and others. The main features of the scientific style should include, first of all, logic, abstract generalization, accuracy and objectivity. The presentation of information is not designed in this case for the sensory perception of the reader. However, in a scientific style, emotional elements can be used. They reinforce the persuasiveness of prose in prose, since they contrast sharply with the dry nature of the narrative.
The scientific style of the Russian literary language: general characteristics and objectives
This genre is characterized by saturation with actual material, compactness and accuracy of presentation. The contents are descriptions of phenomena of reality, their research and interpretation. The scientific style of the literary language is used in the proof of certain hypotheses and provisions, their argumentation. In this genre there is a presentation of various research problems. In this regard, scientific work for the most part contains a chain of reasoning and evidence.
Communicative book genre
It's about journalistic style. This genre is very heterogeneous. It contains elements that have other styles of the modern Russian literary language. Among the main features of the genre it is worth noting consistency, factuality, concreteness, informative richness and incentive of presentation, expressiveness and conciseness, emotionality.
The main functions of the communicative genre
The journalistic style serves the ideological and political spheres. The genre aims to promptly, accurately and easily inform people about the most important events that have occurred abroad and within the fatherland, to influence the reader and evoke in him one or another attitude to the depicted. In other words, journalism is a medium of mass propaganda and information. The factual nature, logic and informative function of the genre contribute to the widespread use in it of sentences reporting on something (fact or event). Motivation, expressiveness, emotionality determine the use of syntactic and lexical and phraseological means. This genre is being implemented on television, in print, on radio, and in political speeches. Newspaper-journalistic styles of presentation are diverse. Some of them are a pure form of the genre. These, for example, include a review, a note, a report. Others may border on narrative fiction. For example, feuilleton, pamphlet, essay. Still others have the features of official business literature. This form of presentation is characteristic of an editorial.
The main principles of communicative presentation
The genre is characterized by the use of a socio-evaluative language tool. In newspaper journalism, an organic complex of figurative and logical principles, generalized evidence, reasoning and figurative concretization is realized. In this regard, in the newspaper you can observe a combination of informativeness, mandatory emotionality and logic, evaluative. It also shows the unity of a number of opposing trends. This, in particular, focuses on speech standardization and the use of cliches, on the one hand, and revitalization of the narrative, the desire for expression, on the other.
Syntax level
The journalistic style is characterized by the simplicity of constructions, the orderly form of the narrative, and the fairly frequent inversion of sentence elements, which act as the logical center of phrases. The components of poetic synthesis are also applicable here: epiphora, anaphora, rhetorical questions and so on. This is especially clearly seen in the propaganda publications. In a journalistic style, elements of conversational syntax are also used. An editorial is considered sufficiently specific in form. Such a narrative contains material that is most important in the political and ideological sense, and also poses problems of international and national importance. Differs in variety and essay. This genre is considered to be borderline between fiction and communicative literature. In the essay, the presence of the author's “I”, pamphlet, feuilleton, the basis of which is a satirical attitude to reality and a direct assessment of negative factors, is quite noticeably felt. This explains the use of emotional and expressive means. The genre uses different elements that have different styles of the Russian literary language. If to characterize as a whole, then we can say that publications are distinguished by passion, the use of semantic-meaning components, expressive-modal parts, and the convergence of book and colloquial speech. This, in turn, leads to diversity, stylistic looseness of the means of expression.
Artistic style: general description
This concept is very ambiguous. It contains a complex of style and language of the writer. The latter should be understood as the language units with which the text is filled. The styles of the literary language that the author uses in constructing the narrative allow him to reflect his thoughts in various forms. Among the features of the genre, the unity of aesthetic and communicative functions should be highlighted. This is due to the dual task that fiction performs. In particular, through it, not only a story is kept, but also an effect on the reader. Also, the variety of means belongs to the features of the genre. Elements that have other styles of the modern literary language can be used. Also here are widely used trails and other visual and expressive means. In addition, there is an image of the author. The narrative reflects his personality, worldview, perception, aesthetic and ideological views.
Distinctive features of presentation
Artistic speech is characterized by imagery, polysemy of a word, semantic capacity, emotionality. Used genre techniques and means are subject to the disclosure of a certain ideological concept of the work. He, in turn, determines the appropriateness and validity of the elements used by the author. Carrying out the analysis of the presentation, it is necessary to disclose the features of verbal forms expressing the ideological content. The considered genre is considered more diverse and wider than some other styles of the Russian literary language.It is not a simple complex of techniques, but represents the most important property of figurative poetic thinking. Of all the elements that have the basic styles of the literary language, the author selects those that are necessary for him to reveal the chosen topic.
Imagery of the genre
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