There are several ways of word formation. Thanks to them, the language is constantly in development. One of them is a suffix method. This means that the suffix and (if necessary) the ending is added to the root of an existing word. People also use prefixes to get new words. Often there is a prefix-suffix method.
Word formation in Russian
The unit of speech is the word. And it can be represented as an independent part of speech, and official. Only the first option can have a structure, because it includes names and many verbs, all sorts of special forms of a verb such as the participle, geruprah, adverb, etc. The word has a root - the most important part, in which lies the whole meaning of the unit of speech, and auxiliary ones. which can not only be an addition, but also change the meaning of a word beyond recognition - we are talking about prefixes and suffixes.
Suffix word formation
Consider, for example, a word consisting of one root - “laughter” (the ending in this word is zero). Only auxiliary particles in the form of a prefix or suffix will appear, and there will be no laughter anymore, but many new meanings and parts of speech will appear. But there is one thing: letters can radically change, that is, alternate. In this case, there will be a change: laughter - laugh - laugh.
- Using the suffix -ok you can get a new word - a laugh, which means "quiet laughter", or "secretive." An example of the use of the word would be the sentence: "The laugh of Lev Vasilievich seemed suspicious to me." There is a suffix way word formation.
- Using the suffix -inc- it turns out the word "laugh", which means something funny that causes laughter. "Grishka burst into the room: he obviously had a mock in his mouth, because he had a mouth to his ears." Here, too, a suffix method is observed, although in addition to the basis, the ending has joined.
Word formation with the suffix and prefix
Often a unit of speech is obtained with the participation of a prefix. This is the name of the prefix. But much more often people use the prefix-suffix method. Examples of words obtained with the participation of suffixes and prefixes together can be considered in relation to the same root “laughter”.
- Adding the prefix na- and the suffix -k- (we don’t take the ending into account), we get a new word - “mockery”, which means an already insulting or ironic statement, joke, mockery or action. This is often indicated by facial expression (muzzle) or look. Example: “Meanwhile, Vaska’s cat mockingly looked at a stupid mouse, darting from corner to corner.” A new word has appeared thanks to the prefix na and the suffix -k-. This unit of language has a completely different semantic meaning. From a person’s involuntary physical reaction to humor or tickling with the help of the movement of the muscles of the face and the reproduction of certain sounds, a deliberate offensive action or phrase was obtained.
- When you add the prefix u- and the suffix -k- laughter turns into a grin, which means a short, slight smile, sometimes with an ironic or even bitter hue. "I did not like the smile of my pet: he thinks too much about himself."
- Using several suffixes at a time, but somehow: -well-, -t- and -sya, as well as the prefix -, you can get another part of the speech - the verb “grin”, which means “to portray a smile”. "Having discovered cats in the kitchen, brazenly eating my catch, I could only grin bitterly."
Word formation without moving to another part of speech
A noun formed by a suffix method may acquire additional meaning, connotation, refinement, for example, in size, or be colored by the speaker’s attitude. "Assistants" in this matter are a variety of suffixes. Consider some of them, the formation of which uses the suffix method. The examples clearly show that the lexical meaning has remained the same, however, the word has other shades and an indication of any distinguishing features.
Diminutive suffixes
They indicate the size, weight or volume of an object, creature or phenomenon that differs from most existing around.
For example, such diminutive suffixes are -ek, -ik. The word lock is formed in a suffix way, that is, a small castle. In the same way, a unit of language “key” appeared - a device for opening, but of a smaller size in relation to others.
The suffixes -ok - / - yok- also play a similar role: light, breeze, sweater.
Sometimes, to give a word a diminutive tone, several suffixes are used, for example, -och - / - ech- and -k-: twig, cup. However, these words are, as it were, transitional in vocabulary from indicating only the size (volume, weight, strength) to the colored relation of the speaker, that is, with a touch of diminutive and affectionate nouns. After all, a “cup” can be called the usual volume of dishes, but favorite.
Diminutive Suffixes
To add a diminutive effect to the shade of affectionate treatment, use the suffixes -enk - / - onk-, -shush - / - yushk-, -yshk-: mama, birch, volyushka, beetroot, sun.
1. My mother-in-law is just a miracle!
2. She is my mother and girlfriend, and counselor, and a wise mentor.
3. With the birth of a daughter in the house, as if the sun began to shine constantly!
The same role is played by -ec - / - itz - / - c-.
1. The elegant dress changed the face of the girl so much that everyone just opened their mouths in amazement!
2. Although the finger was already not enough, Natasha did not want to put on a new one - this was her love for her father’s gift.
- The suffix -k-, as the above -noted - point - / - esch-, can play the role of a diminutive, but more often it is used to form a word with a diminutive-shade: pen, pine, pelerinka.
For designation of cubs of animals use -onok - / - sap -.
1. The teddy bear ridiculously waddled in a hurry to keep up with the mother bear.
2. The little squirrel wanted to jump from branch to branch, as Mom does, but unsuccessfully fell from a tree into the grass.
A suffix that gives words a magnifying tone
Such is the morpheme -isch-. Moreover, such a fact is interesting that it is used in combination with the endings -a in the feminine gender and -e in the masculine and average. The word formed with the ending -e has the form of a middle gender, but always is. For example, the home-house will remain a masculine noun, when using it in a context, it is necessary to correctly combine the adjective or participle related to it, and also use the verb if it is in the past tense.
- We were surprised when instead of a shack we saw a huge house!
- The creature opened its purple eyes and stared right in our direction.
- I wonder how tall that man was, whose remains were discovered by archaeologists?
- This is woodwork! You can not only build a leg for the table, but also use the rest as a stump for sitting.
- The man’s huge arms touched the boy’s head so gently that the tear sprang up by itself.
Name suffixes
The role of this morpheme is difficult to overestimate. Some words formed with its help are so firmly entrenched that often people don’t even share the root and the word-forming part.
- Sometimes the suffix -ik- may not act as a diminutive or diminutive-affectionate, but to form a completely new word. This is also a suffix method, examples of words formed in this way demonstrate the above: an old man, a wise guy, a modest man.
- Interesting are the suffixes involved in the formation of the names of professions or people of certain occupations -tel / -itel, -chik, -shopter - / - flatterer, -ary, -l-, -ist-, -ih-. For instance:
1. Bazhov - the narrator of folk legends - collected many amazing stories and wrote them down.
2. This welder is a master of his craft!
3. The drummer famously knocks out the rhythms of the new hit!
4. The student must surpass his teacher.
5. The plowman wiped sweat from his face and thoughtfully fixed his gaze into the distance.
6. Singing in the detachment was a sociable cheerful girl with a huge red hair of hair.
7. Nagaev Alexander Petrovich - one of the most talented composers and accordionists of Russia.
8. The doctor sighed wearily, sadly stroked the baby on the head: “How much more pain and suffering will you have to endure, baby?” - whispered.
- Suffix -ets- can characterize the place of residence, a person’s property, action: Caucasian, stubborn, fool, scar.
Some suffixes not discussed above
-from: "Permafrost blows from this icy heart."
-est - / - stv-: "Youth has always been distinguished by ferventness, intolerance of lies and hypocrisy."
-It / -ost-: "The maturity of a person is determined not so much by age as by wisdom, insight, intelligence."
-ism - / - Izn-: "Realism and romanticism were inherent in many world writers."
-nick-: "A samovar made in the Gzhel style looks extravagant in the overall decoration of the kitchen."
-in-: "Gourmets of the whole world like sturgeon, like lamb."
–Lk-, -k-, -l-: "Soap and a comb are the best friends of a neat".
Adverb education
When answering the question which words are formed by the suffix method, it should be noted that not only nouns, but also other parts of speech were “born”. If you add -o to the base of the name of the adjective , you can easily get an adverb. For example, the word “brave” will turn into “brave,” “wise”, “wise,” “duty”, “duty”.
There are a great many variants of suffixes, word-forming adverbs, since several adverbs come from the same root, which are like frozen forms of nouns with case endings: first, first, first (compare: at the beginning, at the beginning, from the beginning).
Common in the formation of adverbs and numerals
Also, adverbs can be formed using the prefix po- and suffix -th, -th, -th, -th. Similar words appeared from ordinal numbers. Example:
“Emeralds play in a new way in the image of Sofia, they look harmoniously with her evening dress,” James whispered in his ear to his wife.
“ Not only,” said Kate. “Firstly, they fit her eyes, and secondly, they are ideally combined not only with a dress, but also with other accessories.”
Adjective Naming
In the words denoting the quality of the subject, the most common suffixes are: -chiv - / - liv-, -chat-, -ovat - / - evat, -l-, -n-, -n-, -nn-.
For instance:
- The gentle bluish tint of the sky and cirrus clouds caused inexplicable calm and joy in my heart. (Bluish: -owat-; cirrus -ist-).
- The bakery, which is located next to the road, always attracted me with its vanilla, warm and such delicious aromas. (Bakery: -n-; “vanilla” -n-; “tasty” -n-).
- A raging river boils with life: its inhabitants can not see calm until they are wrapped in a quiet channel. (Seething: -live-; "inhabitants" -tel-).
- A light pink bud bloomed almost a month later in her garden. (Light: -o; pink: -ov).
As you can see, many words are formed using a large number of suffixes. Today, this process continues. People, poets and writers, comedians and businessmen, form their own, original words, letting them into the people where they take root. Thus, the Russian language is constantly evolving, replenishing its lexical composition.