Over the years, people pass on the acquired knowledge and skills to their children, their children share their experiences with their children, grandchildren, and this forms a kind of chain. Without a doubt, this is characteristic of any generation, and without this, the development of society is impossible. As a rule, the descendants received a guideline, formed a view of life thanks to their parents, who adapted their child to the traditional way of life, characteristic of society at that time.
History of education
With the development of technical and scientific progress, the knowledge that people received was not enough. With the advent of ever new professions, people have more choices in terms of what to do. Without a shadow of doubt, the ancestors could not share their experience and skills in the new field, because they themselves were not familiar with it. Thus, people appeared in the settlements who gave the new generation the necessary knowledge.
Initially, the oldest members of a community or settlement acted as teachers. They no longer had the strength for hard physical labor, and they chose for themselves the feasible role of a teacher. Middle-aged people, while the elderly taught the wisdom of the lives of their children, meanwhile, they devoted a lot of effort to productive work, which favorably affected the standard of living of the whole society.
As the institution of the state was becoming and developing, people with other skills were needed that could help in the management and development of the state. From now on, teaching reading and writing, a good orientation in laws and religious subjects became a priority. At that time, people who understood these issues began to charge a small fee from fellow citizens and trained their children, collecting them at home. So the first schools began to appear. Without a doubt, the majority of the children studying were elite children. The peasants were not in a hurry to give their children away, since they taught them independently the wisdom that would help them in housekeeping.
Learning process
The knowledge that humanity acquired then, at the present time, seems frivolous and even naive, but then these teachings helped people achieve great heights. Without a doubt, thanks to literacy, one could travel and look for work in a more favorable place, one could trade or hold positions in the clergy. Even among the peasants, a literate person was revered and cherished, since only he could read the paper that came from the authorities.
When studying the life and life of Ancient Egypt, Babylon, Ancient China and India, images were found on the mural, which featured scenes of the learning process. Before the teacher, students sat and wrote on papyrus or clay tablets. In ancient Rome and Sparta, school attendance was mandatory due to the high level of development of the general cultural level of these ancient cities.
The total population in these policies, compared with the rest of the state, was small, so the Greeks were convinced that every resident of the city should be so literate that he should be able to manage his own state. In ancient Rome, education was available to everyone, regardless of class. Both aristocrats and rural residents received education at the proper level. Without a doubt, the Middle Ages was distinguished by a more complex educational structure.
At that time, society was clearly divided into classes that were engaged in the same thing from generation to generation and had different rights and obligations. The basis of society was merchants and peasants, the government was in the hands of the nobility and clergy. Urban artisans also constituted a rather vast stratum of society. In connection with the split of society, there was a division of schools according to different specializations and classes. In city schools, children were taught to read, write, spiritual literacy, philosophy, coin values, the study of measures and weights. Parents themselves controlled the level of education of the children and, as soon as it seemed to them that there was enough training, they took them out of school.
Rural schools
In rural areas, school is a rare occurrence, but even there they taught the simplest account and writing. Regardless of which class of the school the child attended, he always combined his studies and help to parents with the housework, in shops and workshops. The most prestigious educational institutions were considered theological schools. Only there, in addition to the main subjects, logic, rhetoric, history and geography were studied. Despite the apparent absurdity of that knowledge of the universe, the students had a tremendous opportunity to study the sacred books and sayings of ancient philosophers, which influenced the expansion of their horizons. This led to the emergence of new philosophers and scientists in the Renaissance who influenced further scientific progress.
In modern times, the importance of church schools in both Europe and Russia fell. Secular society needed competent specialists, not clergy. Lyceums and grammar schools were considered the best institutions where you can get secondary education. However, the cost of training in them was very high. In their way, they most resemble modern schools. They taught the exact sciences, languages and literature. Students were also required to wear uniforms. Examinations became a constant companion of students, after which some of the students were eliminated. Strict discipline, the indisputable obedience of the younger to the elders, due to the harsh patriarchal society, corporal punishment - this is what the upbringing of children was based on. Free schools for children of all walks of life have spread widely. Diverse children got the opportunity to study together, unlike the Middle Ages. Religious knowledge could only be obtained in specialized schools attached to the church. Only in Muslim countries where religion is the basis of the state do religious teachings are taught in schools along with the exact and humanitarian sciences.