Do you know how the words “paint”, “red”, “painted”, “paint” differ?
That's right, each of them represents its own part of speech. That is how homogeneous categories of words with common attributes are called in the language.
The significant parts of these words are studied by science, which is called morphology, and the role of words in sentences is syntax.
Morphological characters allow in Russian to contrast the nominal and verbal parts of speech. The first include names
- Nouns. Boy, children, blue, scissors, abstraction. They have constant morphological characters and inconsistent. Constants include gender - male and female, type of declension, “commonality” or “property” (designation of names, names, etc.), animation or inanimate life. The number and case of nouns can vary, so such signs are considered inconsistent.
- Adjectives. Red, children’s, blue, abstract. Permanent morphological features of the adjective do not exist. These words are completely likened to those on which they depend.
- Numerals. Two, one thousand two hundred and thirty, the first, one hundred and forty-fourth. Their constant morphological characters have only two categories. Numerals can be simple (five, seventh, five) or compound (two hundred twenty-first, one hundred and eleven). Another constant attribute is associated with value. Numerals (ten, one million, one hundred) can indicate the number or (sixth, two hundredth) order in the account. Variable morphological characters are different for everyone. For example, ordinals can vary by gender (first, first) and numbers (sixteenth, sixteenth). Some quantitative ones can even change one-one-one by one.
- Pronouns. All, everyone, he, someone, nobody, several . Their permanent morphological features: personal discharge (I, we, they, etc.), negative (nobody), etc. All other signs depend on the word to which the pronoun obeys, and, therefore, are unstable.
The morphological features of the verb are fundamentally different from the nominal parts of speech. First of all, the verb (run, jump, decide) means an action or state (sleep). Its permanent morphologically indications are:
- View. If the action has already been completed or has a border, a limit, then this is a perfect view: to sing, dig, send. If the action continues, then this is an imperfect view: they sing, dig, send.
- Return: I wash, I wash.
- Transitivity. Sometimes an action is transferred (transferred) to an item. For example: I paint a wall, write a letter, eat porridge. These are transitive verbs. Sometimes this phenomenon is impossible. You can not say "walk yourself", but you can - "walk the dog."
- Conjugation. For verbs, it is either the first (decide, sing, resist), or the second (paint, treat, drink).
Other signs of the verb are impermanent.
In Russian, there are other parts of speech. They have their own morphological features. For example, an adverb never changes, interjections can be derivative or non-derivative, etc.
All this is studied by science, which is called morphology.