Manufacturing is a set of enterprises that are engaged in the processing of raw materials obtained in natural conditions. It can be minerals, agriculture, for example. To this industry, you can also add such areas as the industry of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, wood processing factories. Such a procedure as the processing of oil, natural gas or some other chemicals is quite common in our time.
Location of processing plants
Manufacturing industries are enterprises that are necessary in any state, even with the weakest industry. Naturally, the leaders in the processing of various raw materials are those countries that are most developed economically. Even though the share of processing enterprises has declined somewhat recently, the United States is still the leader. Second place is taken by Japanese enterprises. Following them are the countries of the European Union, which is headed in this case by a country such as Germany.
It is worth noting that manufacturing is an enterprise that must constantly develop. It is in terms of development that the countries of Asia are most impressive. The most prominent representatives were China and South Korea. As for this industry in Russia, after a strong recession in the 90s for obvious reasons, they are currently characterized by fairly stable growth in almost all areas.
Types of enterprises
Manufacturing industries are factories, factories and other industrial facilities that are engaged in the physical and / or chemical processing of raw materials. Naturally, the main goal of this operation is to obtain new materials. However, it is worth saying that there is an exception, which is such an operation as waste processing.
Other areas process raw materials either into products that are ready for use, or into other semi-finished products that need further processing. For example, the raw materials obtained after processing non-ferrous metal are subsequently used to manufacture various primary products. It can be aluminum or copper wire, for example.
The scheme of enterprises in the Russian Federation
The structure of manufacturing in the Russian Federation and the main varieties are listed:
- Oil refining into oil products such as gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, etc.
- In the metallurgy industry, processing enterprises produce not only semi-finished products, but also finished products, for example, steel and ferrous metal.
- Chemical manufacturing of manufacturing products is the production of a variety of fertilizers of mineral type, plastic, paint and varnish and more.
- The manufacturing industry is quite widespread in the woodworking industry. Thus, it is possible to obtain plywood, particleboard, fiberboard and other materials.
- Textile and clothing industry also cannot do without processing enterprises. With their help, shoes, fabrics, etc. are made.
The importance of processing plants
It is important to note that the share of manufacturing in industrial production is enormous. More than half of all products in the world are manufactured by manufacturing enterprises. If we count all the enterprises in the world, then about 40% of the total share will fall on such an industry as engineering. After this industry there are chemical and food industries, but they are quite inferior. The share of each industry in the world is approximately 15%. Approximately 9-10% is the production of manufacturing products in areas such as woodworking and pulp and paper. Metallurgy and energy occupy only 5-7%. As for the Russian Federation, here the share of each industry is approximately the following:
- mechanical engineering accounts for about 22% of manufacturing enterprises;
- the oil refining industry accounts for approximately 21%;
- Russia's manufacturing industries in the ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy industries account for 16%;
- the same amount falls on the food industry;
- only 10% falls on the chemical industry;
- the least developed is the construction materials processing industry, only 5%.
Metallurgical industry
As you can see, the volume of manufacturing in metallurgy in Russia is only 16%. However, it is worth noting here that complexes for processing raw materials in metallurgy are used at almost every stage of obtaining finished products. All stages, except for direct extraction of raw materials, are accompanied by processing of the material. The final products in this industry are metal products and alloys. Obtaining the final raw material can be divided into three large stages.
- The first is the preparation of the material. In this case, such processing operations as agglomeration, enrichment, and concentrate production are used.
- The second stage is a metallurgical redistribution. In other words, at this stage, cast iron or steel of different rolled products is obtained.
- The last step is to get the best products, that is, alloys.
It is worth saying that the specifics of mining and processing industries in the metallurgy industry are distinguished by a high degree of complexity, as well as scale. The production of large quantities of raw materials requires from 15 to 18 redistribution.
Ferrous metallurgy
It is worth starting with the fact that the Russian Federation almost every year overtakes most countries in the world in terms of output of ferrous metal. Currently, there are about eight of the largest enterprises, each of which produce about 3 million tons of raw materials per year. It is important to highlight here that this particular industry is the main one, which gives a powerful development to another manufacturing industry, namely mechanical engineering. As for the production of products from a technological point of view, here, as in the case of metallurgy, manufacturing enterprises participate at all stages, from the stage of preparation of raw materials to the release of finished products or their further redistribution.
Manufacturing Engineering
There are a lot of types of manufacturing industries, however, it is engineering that occupies the first place in terms of prevalence. At the same time, these enterprises are the main consumers of all products that can be supplied by ferrous metallurgy. A feature of engineering enterprises is that they produce products that are quite difficult to transport. Therefore, they are located mainly in places of greatest demand for their goods. This industry produces devices for such areas as agriculture, mining. When supplying the finished product, the main criterion is the location of the manufacturer's factory.
Oil refineries
In the Russian Federation, the oil refining industry plays a significant role. It is worth noting that oil alone cannot be used, and therefore it needs primary processing and further processing. This has led to the fact that the scale of manufacturing in this direction is enormous. Naturally, the main products that are produced at such enterprises are fuel (gasoline, diesel, kerosene). Processing of extracted raw materials is carried out at oil refineries - these are oil refineries. The combination of all these enterprises constitutes the manufacturing industry.
On the territory of the Russian Federation there are about 32 fairly large enterprises, as well as approximately 80 small ones. The total production capacity of all facilities per year is approximately 300 million tons. We can add that in terms of oil refining, Russia ranks third in the world. In order to successfully deliver final products, oil trunk pipelines are used. With their help, about 95% of all products are supplied.
OKVED processing industries
OKVED itself is a document that contains a classification of technical, economic and social information. As for the manufacturing industries in this case, here is a classification of all areas, as well as the purpose. According to this document, each direction also has its own unique code.
Types of production according to OKVED
The document contains many different types, here are some of them.
- The food industry has an OKVED code of 10. This includes procedures for processing agricultural, forestry, and marine products. All of them are used to make food for both humans and animals as feed. It is also possible to produce intermediate products that are not food products.
- Not too widespread is the wood processing industry, as well as the production of various wood products, except furniture. The code for OKVED is 16. This includes the manufacture of a type of product such as lumber, plywood, veneer, wooden containers, etc. To obtain the final product, such production products as sawing are used. Manufacturing includes operations such as machining on planers, molding or laminating. This also includes operations to obtain a variety of products, ranging from logs that are obtained after cutting, ending with products undergoing strict processing on several types of devices.
- You can pay attention to such an industry as the production of leather, as well as a variety of products from this raw material. The code for OKVED is 15. This includes such processing operations as finishing, as well as dyeing of fur, for example. Processing can also be considered redistribution of raw skin into the skin by using an operation such as tanning. The creation of all leather products that can be used is also carried out at manufacturing enterprises.
Manufacturing enterprises in non-ferrous metallurgy
About 40 million tons of non-ferrous metal are produced per year. The material of this group is characterized by very wide demand all over the world. It is very important to note the importance of manufacturing enterprises. The thing is that the content of non-ferrous metal in the ore that is mined is quite small. For example, the amount of copper is from 0.5% to 3.5%.
Due to the fact that it is quite small, it is necessary to process poorer ores. All this led to the fact that such an operation as enrichment became simply necessary at all enterprises. In addition, more and more began to resort to the production of blister copper. In other words, it is untreated copper, which needs additional measures to achieve the necessary conditions. For this, an operation such as refining is used. Due to the fact that the energy consumption in the processing industry for refining will be huge, it can be carried out only by those countries that are well developed economically and technically.
Chemical industry
This industry was most developed only in the 20th century. The quality of development of this industry, as well as manufacturing enterprises that manufacture chemicals from raw materials, shows the general level of modernization of the economy of the whole country. In addition, the speed of development of science and technology is also affected. For these reasons, all developed countries devote quite a lot of time to improving the chemical industry. A well-developed chemical industry is capable of producing high-quality plastic, artificial fibers or fertilizers, a variety of acids, varnishes, paints and more.
What does the degree of development of the manufacturing industry show?
To summarize all of the above, it is most important to note the following. The degree of development of the manufacturing industry is able to reflect the general industrial situation throughout the country. Manufacturing is a leading global industry. In addition, a large part of the cost of production also falls on this sector of industry. Processing is as closely as possible connected with all other types of industry, and therefore countries are trying to develop it.