The city of Kyzyl is the capital of the Republic of Tyva, which is the unexplored region of Russia. It is located 4700 kilometers from the capital, in the southern region of Eastern Siberia.
Kyzyl (Tuva) is the final destination of the Usinsky tract, which leads to Abakan. In addition, it is a large marina on the Yenisei.
The time difference between Kyzyl and Moscow is 4 hours. The index of the city of Kyzyl (Republic of Tuva) is 667000.
Geographic location
Where on the map of Russia is Kyzyl (Tuva)? You can find it in the geographical center of the Asian continent. The city is located on an area of 200 square kilometers, which is located in the east of the Tuva Basin, where the big Yenisei merges with the Small, and the Upper Yenisei originates.
Climate
By its weather conditions, the city of Kyzyl (Tyva) is equated to the region of the Far North. The territory where it is located is characterized by a sharply continental climate.
The weather in Kyzyl (Republic of Tuva) is greatly influenced by its presence in the basin. On all sides it is surrounded by hills that restrict the movement of air masses. Anyone who has visited the city of Kyzyl (Republic of Tuva), notes its severe winters with little snow, when the temperature sometimes drops to minus 52 degrees with its average value of -28. But even in those years when the cold period is rather mild, there is no thaw.
After a harsh, snowless and windless winter, a short spring sets in, and then a hot summer. Already in May, in the zone where the city of Kyzyl (Tuva) is located, the thermometer column can rise to +37. In the summer, it’s all +40.
In the hot period, long droughts are often observed. And this despite the fact that with an annual rainfall rate of 220 mm, their greatest amount falls from June to September. At the very beginning of summer, severe hurricanes and storms are possible.
The first frosts in the city of Kyzyl (Republic of Tuva) come in September. In this first autumn month, the differences between the temperature indicators of day and night sometimes amount to from 30 to 40 degrees.
However, the severity of the climate in these areas is caused not only by cold winters, sudden changes in temperature and dust storms. The Yenisei also brings troubles to the residents of the city of Kyzyl (Republic of Tuva), which floods coastal areas every spring.
Ecology
How liveable is the city of Kyzyl (Tuva)? From an environmental point of view, it is difficult to consider it safe. Atmospheric pollution on its territory is caused by emissions from the Kyzyl TPP and small boiler houses, as well as heating systems located in the private sector. Deteriorating air condition and urban transport.
Nevertheless, environmentalists note the fact that, compared with the indicators of the 90s of the last century, the pollution of the atmosphere of the city decreased by almost five times. However, soot and soot in the air of the city of Kyzyl (Republic of Tuva) is a real problem. It becomes especially relevant in the winter, when snow falls, which cannot be white for a long time. There is so much soot and soot in this territory that they do not allow housewives to dry clothes on the street. But more serious problems arise in people who suffer from asthma and bronchitis.
Specialists note the largest number of soot in the private sector. After all, here in the homes of local residents is stove heating. Strong atmospheric pollution is observed in the northern and southwestern regions of Kyzyl. Here, in addition to soot, in the air there are such harmful substances as:
- lead, whose presence in the territories adjacent to the gas station is 4 times higher than the standard;
- cadmium, the indicators of which are higher than the normative ones in Kyzyl itself and in its suburbs by 3-33 times;
- mercury, which in the gas station area is 13 times greater than the norm.
In addition, the atmosphere that was studied in the Republic of Tyva (Kyzyl) was overfilled with such harmful components as nickel and arsenic, manganese, cobalt and ammonium.
To a lesser extent, “light cities” are polluted in the eastern and right-bank parts of it. These are sections located between the hippodrome and Sputnik.
It is worth noting that the government of the Republic of Tyva in Russia seeks to make Kyzyl an environmentally friendly city, having achieved snow cover that has already been forgotten by people in the winter. There are certain plans to reduce the amount of soot in the air. And they strive to implement them through the introduction of innovative developments. However, there is no money for their sale yet.
The problem, however, requires its solution. After all, it is aggravated by the very location of the capital of Tuva, since the foundation pit accumulates harmful elements in the atmosphere and does not allow them to disperse.
The waters of the Great Yenisei, as well as its tributaries flowing in the Kyzyl region, are also marked by pollution. At the same time, experts noted the content of negative impurities, sometimes exceeding standard values by 11 times. That is why it is not worth swimming here, even despite the onset of summer heat. After all, such a pastime is dangerous to health. The main culprit in the pollution of the river is the local water utility. But the residents of the city also contribute to the deterioration of the environmental situation. They prefer to save money on car washes, putting in order the appearance of their "iron horses" in the free waters of the Yenisei.
History of the city
04.04.1914, the territory of Russia expanded somewhat due to the accession to it of the small neighbors of the Republic of Tyva. Previously owned by the Uryankhay Territory, it officially became part of the Yenisei province.
The future independent republic had control located in St. Petersburg. He made a historic decision to start the construction of residential buildings and a wide variety of infrastructure in the area. In the spring of 1914, Vladimir Gabayev visited Tyva. He was not only the chief manager, but also the head of the structure of the Russian population. Then, in April 1914, the construction of the city at the mouth of the Yenisei began.
What was in this territory before? Officials came here to pray. Here they also had their own small trading shops. In those days, the area where the city of Kyzyl (Tuva) was later built was devastated. Yes, people lived here. However, their villages were located only on the banks of the Yenisei. Local people lived in yurts, and grazed their cattle on pastures near the river. The territory of the future city was a thicket of poplar and bird cherry, talniks and dense tall green grass.
Already in 1914, the general design of the city was finally approved. Its first land plots went to managers, officials and honorary citizens of nearby settlements. They were reserved for infrastructure facilities. The city began to build rapidly.
Many officials visited these territories on a business trip. And almost all of them claimed that the place for Kyzyl was chosen very well. Of course, the decision to build a city had many obstacles in its path, in particular, the great remoteness of its territory from large settlements. However, this did not become an obstacle to construction, which was proceeding at a rapid pace. It took only a few months for residential buildings to appear in the future city.
They began to lay a wheeled road here. To speed up the plans, they even attracted workers subordinate to the military department. A year after the start of construction in the city, there were more than fifty private buildings and about twenty state buildings. The number of inhabitants then amounted to 470 people.
G. Kyzyl (in those years Belotsarsk) did not stop expanding after the October Revolution. In 1918, power in the city passed to the Uryankhai Regional Council, which gathered at its congresses representatives of various nations. However, military events did not bypass these territories. The long battles that took place in 1919 led to fires. Most of the city buildings suffered from them. Most of the residents moved from these places or joined the Siberian partisans.
In 1918 the city was renamed. Instead of Belotsarsk, Khem-Beldyr arose, which in the language of the indigenous population meant "a place where two rivers merge." This name indicated the geographical location of this settlement. After 8 years, the city was renamed again. In memory of the fallen soldiers they began to call him "Red City". So Kyzyl is translated from the language of Tuvans .
Since August 1921, a new administrative unit has appeared in the country. It became the Tuva People’s Republic, which at that time was independent. Many capital committees, as well as the government and the executive committee, were moved to its capital, the city of Kyzyl. This allowed the former Belotsarsk to become the center of the economic, social and political life of the Tuvan Republic.
In the 40s of the last century, the mass construction of office buildings and infrastructure began in Kyzyl.
Since the end of 1944, the Tuva Republic officially became part of the Russian Federation. In the same period, a master plan for the development of the city was developed. A year later, several automatic telephone exchanges were installed in Kyzyl, due to which communication communication was developed.
After changing the status of the Republic, a number of large enterprises arose in the city. Among them are furniture and textile factories, as well as a sawmill. A pedagogical university works in the city, and branches of some Russian higher educational institutions are also open. There are research institutes of national language and culture in Kyzyl. Kyzyl (Republic of Tuva) is connected with other cities of Russia by various communications. Among them are land, river and air.
A-162 highway is located between Kyzyl and Ak-Dovurak. The federal road Yenisei M54 provides the city with a link to Mongolia and Abakan.
Buses regularly travel from Kyzyl to Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk and Tomsk. Six kilometers southwest of the city is an international airport. From here, air liners fly to Novosibirsk and Moscow, Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk. It also offers flights to the settlements of Tuva, which are difficult to access.
The closest railway stations to the city are in Minusinsk (390 km) and in Abakan (410 km). A motor ship runs along the Big Yenisei during the navigation period.
Thanks to the established transport connection, the Russian Post works in the city without any interruptions. She is engaged in the distribution and delivery of not only shipments, but also money transfers. Those who send a letter or a parcel to the Republic of Tuva, Kyzyl, the recipient's index must be specified in advance. Indeed, 17 post offices are open and operating in the city. All have a different index. Many letters arrive in Tyva (Kyzyl) every day.
The data necessary for the correct execution of the shipment must be specified in official sources. For example, st. Taiga (Republic of Tuva, Kyzyl) index is 667001.
Population
The statistics available at the beginning of 2014 indicate that the capital of Tyva, Kyzyl (see the photo of the modern city below) has a population of 114 thousand people.
And this is almost one third of the inhabitants of the whole Republic. Compared with the same indicators in 2012, the number of Kyzyl residents has increased by 3 thousand people. But this data is considered official. In reality, the population of the capital of Tuva is much higher. Such a mismatch creates some difficulties in many areas of public life (in housing, in education and in health care). So, in the city of Kyzyl (Tuva), schools are not able to accept all children. The same phenomenon is observed in kindergartens. Local hospitals also suffer from a lack of beds.
Kyzyl (Tuva, Russia) is considered a city of young families. Under this definition, one out of every three married couples living in the described locality is suitable. At the same time, the average age of the Kyzyl population is 30 years. But, despite such young families, in recent years the birth rate has been declining in the city. This figure was -4.5%. One explanation for this phenomenon is the transience of marriages. After all, every third of them will soon decay.
City statistics also clarify that more women live in the capital of Tuva . Their 54% of the total number of residents. And if the ratio between different sexes in childhood is approximately the same, then the situation among the able-bodied population is completely different. Among the workers, 37 thousand women and 33 thousand men. But among pensioners there are more representatives of the strong half of humanity. Their number is 7.9 thousand people. Women in this population are only 2.8 thousand.
National composition
Among the population of Kyzyl are:
- 79% of Tuvans;
- 15% of Russians;
- 6% of other nationalities, namely the Kyrgyz and Kakas, Ukrainians and Armenians, Tatars, Uzbeks and Buryats.
Religion
Such a diverse ethnic composition explains a large number of trends in the religion of the Kyzyl residents. So, the inhabitants of this city adhere to Orthodoxy and Buddhism, shamanism and Protestantism. However, despite this, the capital of Tyva can rightfully be considered sustainable in the socio-political terms. After all, people here do not oppress anyone, while respecting other people's traditions and culture.
As before, the native Tuvans, as well as Russians, Kakas, and representatives of other peoples do not live in separate groups at all, but all mixed up. It has been commanded since ancient times. Indeed, in those distant times, yurts of nomadic steppes were placed not far from Russian wooden huts.
Culture
Tuvans are an ethnic group of Asian cultures and bearers of such ancient arts as:
- singing with a throat “khoomei”;
- playing musical instruments byzanchi and khomus;
- national wrestling "kuresh";
- stone carving.
The latter, by the way, has been known in Tuva since ancient times. In the west of the Republic, in the mountains of Bai Taiga, there are huge deposits of agalmatolite. This is a stone past which it is impossible to pass indifferently. And it seems that there is no precious brilliance in him, and nature has dressed him with a chic color, but when he leaves the artist’s hands, he turns into a living taiga bird or a wild beast, a monster, as if coming out of the pages of a children's book with fairy tales, etc. The stone is very malleable, for which he was nicknamed "Chonar-dash." Translated from the language of the indigenous population, this means "stone that can be cut."
Kyzyl districts
Over its entire historical period, the city of Kyzyl has grown significantly. And today it has several microdistricts, namely:
- Central;
- Mountain;
- South;
- Eastern;
- Right Bank;
- Kaa-khem;
- Kyzyl.
There are other areas in Kyzyl. These are Road and Leather Factory, Sputnik and Builder, Right Bank and Left Bank.
New buildings of the city are located in the Southern, Eastern and Mountainous regions, as well as on the territory of the Right and Eastern shores.
Transport connection
Today, the capital of Tuva unites all regions of the Republic into a single node, including the most remote. Here, in addition to taxis, minibuses and buses, there is river transport. In addition, not far from the capital of Tyva is located the Kyzyl Airport, which is on the supporting lists.
The plans of the Russian government include the construction of a railway in the direction of Kuragino-Kyzyl.
sights
In the very center of Kyzyl on Arat Square there is a musical drama theater. Here you can see a prayer Buddhist drum. Also in the central part of the city is the State Philharmonic of the Republic, the House of Folk Art and other cultural institutions.
There is a National Museum named after Aldan Maadyr in the city, where you can admire the richest collection of archaeological finds. In 2008, a new modern museum building was commissioned, which is one of the most beautiful in the city. Today, most of the archaeological finds are presented on four floors of the complex. There is a “Scythian gold” in the museum, as well as other things found in the world famous mound “Arzhaan-2”. There are several small museums in Kyzyl (political repression and Nadia Rusheva).
Due to the popularity of the city as the geographical center of Asia, the attention of many tourists is attracted by a stele located on the banks of the Yenisei. It is called - "Center of Asia." You can see it on the embankment at the confluence of the Small and Big Yenisei.
There is a memorial in the city, which is erected in honor of the soldiers of the Great Patriotic War, as well as the Red Partisans. In 2000, a monument was built to the teacher. In the center of the city there is a square in which a bust of S.K. Toka - the first head of the Central Committee of the CPSU of the Tuva Republic. There is a monument in Kyzyl, erected to the victims of political repression.
If you enter the city from Erzin, then here you can admire another symbol of Tuva. This is a monument erected by the shepherd - Kadarchi. His gigantic figure towers over the plain. The shepherd is dressed in an ethnic costume, on the belt of which a knife and a flint are traditionally fixed. Initially, the shepherd was conceived by the artists as an independent figure. However, after the installation of the monument, people began to pay attention to the fact that the shepherd does not have sheep. Taking this remark into account, stones were brought here, painted them white. Thus, at the feet of Kadarcha today you can see a herd.
At the northern entrance to Kyzyl there is a monument to Arat. It also represents a symbol of the city.
The interest of the gutuers is also the building of the Buddhist temple. This temple stands out with its unique architecture. Another Buddhist symbol is the Stupa of Enlightenment. It is installed near the airport, and its contemplation brings peace and peace to the soul.
Among the memorial sites of Kyzyl, one can single out a beautiful natural park, located at the bends of the Yenisei, as well as sources of healing water near the city Arzhaan, the amazing properties of which have been known for more than 600 years.
Tourists should also take a trip to Mount Dogee. It serves as an ethnographic and archaeological site of nature of these places. They also call it the mountain of Love. It rises above the city and has a height of 1002 m. It is believed that everyone who visits it gets rid of all sins, and also cleanses the soul and body.
Near the city there is another amazing attraction of these places. On the right bank of Ulug-Khem, you can admire the ancient cave inscriptions and drawings.