Consonants in the Russian language are special sounds of speech. In the syllable, they are combined with other sounds. In contrast to vowels, consonants do not form the top of a syllable. In the process of changing and improving the lexical structure of the word undergoes various transformations. In particular, some written characters may replace others. One type of transformation is the alternation of consonants in the root of the word. What it is? How does this change happen? About it further.
general information
Acoustic consonants have a relatively lower total energy than vowels and may not have a clear formant structure. When pronouncing sounds, the vocal tract narrows. As a result, there is a complete or partial blocking of the air flow, which, meeting an obstacle, begins to change its direction. In the Russian language there are noisy consonants (affricates, fricatives, explosives), a group of sonorants (lateral and smooth), half-consonant (half-vowel) "y". There are also sonorous sounds - trembling and nasal.
Alternating consonants
Among the most characteristic combinations, the following should be noted:
- s - g - g (friends - girlfriend - girlfriend);
- c - h - k (face - face - face);
- s - w - x (goblin - forest, plowing - to plow);
- w - d (rejuvenation - young, I go - to ride);
- - (glossy - gloss);
- - (paved bridge);
- bl-b (ruining - ruining);
- ow - in (catch - catch);
- ml - m (feed - feed);
- pl - p (buy-buy) and others.
The rules of the Russian language explain such examples by the process of simplifying pronunciation. In this case, the original meaning of sounds is lost. In doubtful cases, an alternation of consonants in the root of the word is used for verification.
The initial appearance of the design
In some cases, there is some difficulty with what sound is considered the main one in the design. Having this or that alternation of consonants in the root of the word, it is necessary to understand what meaning is being introduced into the new structure. So, for example, “girlfriend” is a derivative of “friend,” and the option “girlfriend” is formed, in all likelihood, under the influence of a form such as “squad,” which itself is a simplification from “friend, friend, friend.” Such inflections in the future can lead to a lot of confusion. As a result, the original sound and semantic clarity is lost.
"C - H - K"
This alternation of consonants in the root of the word has its own characteristics. The initial (initial) construction is the face. Subsequently, after the conversion, the word "face" appears. Here the sound "k" changes to "c". The design changes further. The result is the word "face". According to the interpretation options, different meanings of the resulting syllables are observed. So, for example, “ko” is “surface, shell”, “tso” is defined as “complete connection”, and “chi” - “reproduction or full continuation”. As a result, the changed designs have different meanings: “glee, appearance” (from “face”), “larva, face, excellent” (from “face”), “lining, face” (from face ”).
"XH"
Consider the alternation of consonants in the root of the word "plow." Initially, it must be said that this design is derived from the groin. "Plow" in the ancient interpretation - to cultivate the fold for reproduction and sowing. And only subsequently the semantic transfer to cultivation and tillage in the process of agriculture was formed and embodied. Until now, the impersonal verb form has retained the design of “groin”, while personal forms are pronounced with “w”. For example: "plow-plow-pasha."
Approximately by the same principle there is an alternation of consonants in the root of the word "forest". How does the design change in this case? As soon as the "forest" begins to illustrate something "forest", but at the same time "personified", instead of "c" appears "w". For example, "goblin." At the same time, if something else is indicated that is not directly inherent in the forest, the “c” is retained in the structure. For example, the forester.
"St / sk - Shch"
The same rules of the Russian language are involved in changing the design with the basis of "ck". At the same time, there is the same “sign of something inherent, personal, inherent in the perceiver, bound by meaning”. For example: gloss-polished and bridge-paved. In the first case, the sensations come forward - to the touch, glossy, which means with gloss. Along with this, “gloss” is something irrelevant to a person, but “glossy” is the embodiment of perception, human sensation.
The same can be seen in other examples. For example, such constructions as “forgive” - “forgiveness”, “scrubbing” - “tillering” and so on. It should be noted, however, that such a change in "st-sch" takes place not only in the root, but also in the suffix. For example: “thinness” - “lean”, “dryness” - “lean”. Presumably, these "naturally necessary" transformations began to be transferred to other structural elements.
"L"
In a way, a special form of perception is visible when this sound appears in a modified design. When “l” appears in the composition, “structural, okay, internal state” is added to the meaning. Examples include third-party verbs: ruin, love, make noise, crush, buy, endure. At the same time, in other personal forms of these structures, the sound “l” is absent: we destroy, love, crush, buy, make noise, endure. One can explain this alternation of consonants in the following way: the appearance of an “l” in the first person, that is, in constructions reflecting something “personal, related to me,” is a manifestation of one's own “I,” the internal state. But the rest: “you, she, they” and so on - this is external, something not related to the perceiver, that is, “outside of me,” and therefore “l” is absent there.
Changes at the "boundaries" of structural elements
However, it must be said that a change can occur only in any one zone: suffix, prefix or root. That is why you should clearly understand the boundaries of structural elements. The phonetic rules of the Russian language indicate the following: at the heart of the construction of words, for example, “boardwalk” or “waxed”, there is “sch”. This is due to the fact that the transformation takes place in the main structural element: "wax", "board". Here, the alternation of consonants in the root of the word is carried out. But in such constructions as “paving stones”, “sandstone”, “sch” appears instead of “u”. This is due to the fact that the change affects the boundary of the root and the suffix in the word: dog-ok, bar-ok.