Often, many - both schoolchildren and their parents - have questions about spelling suffixes. Today we’ll talk about the “k” suffix. Many people, not knowing its meaning, make many mistakes in the spelling of words containing it. So, let's go a little deeper into the jungle of Russian grammar, consider how to spell some suffixes correctly.
An interesting history of this suffix
To begin with, you can consider the history of the occurrence of this part of the word. The suffix “k” arose a long time ago. It can be found, for example, in the names of the streets of Moscow (Ilyinka; Sretenka; Solyanka). Usually, any word with the suffix “k” has been used by people to reduce and understand some complex concepts. So people began to call the horse railway “horse”. Also, this particle was formed from collocations. For example, we analyze the formation of the word "postcard". What is it? Plain open letter. Hence the name came from. Or take an example: the word "spoon". It was formed from the root of “lodges”, which bears the meaning of “impose”. Etc..
The opinion of philologists about the suffix in question
However, some philologists believe that any word with the suffix “k” spoils our speech, clogs it with vulgarisms. So, starting from about the eighteenth century, such words as “canteen”, “smoking room”, “tobacco” and so on appeared in the language. The guardians of the classical Russian language did not like such reductions and simplifications. Indeed, words cannot be categorized as “vulgarisms” simply because they are not to their liking. Note that the above examples are used or have been used to simplify unpronounceable words, or words with this suffix are formed from phrases.
The meaning of this suffix
Now let's look at the meaning of the suffix “k”. What words can he form? Firstly, this particle acts as an indicator of the diminutive form. For example: “leg”, “pen”, “book”, “mouse”, “baby” and so on. These words are vivid examples of how the diminutive suffix “k” can be used. Secondly, with the addition of “k” feminine nouns are formed, originating from the names of professions or occupations that are masculine. For example: athlete - athlete; student - student; tenant - tenant; pensioner - pensioner. Thirdly, this particle forms words denoting objects with the help of which any actions are performed. A simple word with the suffix “k” is “grater”, as well as “receipt”, “tincture” and so on. Fourth, with the help of “k” words are formed that indicate an action. For example, “breakdown”, “deal”, “crafts”. Fifth, sometimes “k” acts as a suffix that allows you to express an objective assessment of an object or action. Sixthly, the notorious “k” appears in the names according to profession (in the feminine gender), nationality, place of residence. For example, “Russian woman”, “Ukrainian”, “Egyptian” and so on.
Words with the suffix “k” - examples, as well as the rules for using “k” and “ck”
The suffix also forms new words from adjectives. For example, with its help you can get a short form of the adjective (“impudent - impudent”, “sharp - harsh”). It forms adjectives from nouns ending in K, H, C (“fist - kulak”, “weaver - weaver”). Now let's talk about particles similar to each other, referring to the suffixes “k” and “ck”. Their spelling should be given special attention. So, the suffix “ck” should be used in relative adjectives. Relative adjectives cannot form a short form. For example: “Frenchman - French”, “Circassian - Circassian”, “Tatar - Tatar”, “Jew - Jewish”. Remember that the last letter of the stem is always preserved (review and analyze the above examples).
Brief and relative adjectives - their formation with the suffix “k”
The considered particle is written in adjectives that form a short form, as well as after the letter “c” (“weaving”, “Turkish”). Here are the words with the suffix “k” (examples): “close - close”, “low - low”. There are times when the base of a word ends with "n" or "p". In this case, do not write a soft sign before “ck”. For example: “Siberia - Siberian”, “Tyumen - Tyumen”. There are exceptions to this simple rule: relative adjectives that come from the names of the months of the year. For example: “November”, “December”, but “January”, as well as “day-day”, “Tien Shan” and so on.
Spelling rules “k” and “ck” with examples
If the base of the word from which the adjective was formed ends with the letters “d”, “m”, “c”, then these consonants are always stored before “ck” or “k”. For example: “city - urban”, “German - German”. In that case, if the base ends with “k”, “h”, then in the adjectives before the letter “k” is written “c”. The word with the suffix “k”, formed according to this rule: “fisherman - fishing” or, for example, “weaver - weaving”. Please note that the
soft sign in the suffix “ck” is written after “l” (for example, “Ural”), as well as in adjectives formed from the names of the month. Also, the suffix “k” forms words with a comical or dismissive connotation. For example, if you add “k” to the stem of a past tense, a feminine noun is formed, the meaning of which is “the one who performs the action specified in the text”. This noun has a hint of neglect or playfulness (“sitting - a nurse”, “cooked - a varilka”, “thought - a thinker”). We have examined in sufficient detail how the suffix “k” is used, examples clearly illustrate the above rules.
Verbal Suffixes
Now we will talk about the suffixes of verbs. In Russian, they are divided into word-building and formative. The former form new words, the latter only change their form or time. Word-forming suffixes include “ova”, “eva”, “evy”, “willow”, “wa”, “evyva”, “en (eat)”, “en (it)”, “and”, as well as “e " The formative ones include the suffixes “l”, “sya” (“si”), “t” (“ty”), and also the zero suffix. Now we will dwell on each suffix separately and analyze in which case each of them is written.
Word-building suffixes
So, word-forming “ova” and “eve”. These suffixes are written and used when the verb is in an indefinite form, in the past tense. Or stands in the form of the first person, singular, in the present or future tense. The verb should end with “uyu” (“uyu”). For example: “yearn to miss”, “relish to relish”, “preach - preach (preach)”, “command - to command”. Exceptions: “to scout - scouted”, “to try - to scout”, “to scout - to scout”, “to scout - scout”. Never confuse the spelling of verbs in which the suffix “va” is combined with the preceding vowel “e / u”.
The correct use of “yva” and “willow”
The suffixes “yva” or “willow” are written when the verb is in an indefinite form and in the past tense (or in the first person), singular, in the present or future tense. The verb should end with “Ivy” or “Iowa”. For example: “insist - insist”, “fake - fake”. Another suffix - “va” - is always stressed in verbs. Please note that it can be easily confused with almost the same “eva” or “willow”. Look for an example: “wind around - wind around”, “water over - water”, “screw in”, “late”, “consider”. The following words are exceptions: “get stuck”, but “get stuck”, “corrupt”, but “corrupt”. The suffix “evyva” is considered shock. A very simple rule - after sizzling always write the letter “”! Simple examples: “uproot”, “shade”.
Spelling of the verb suffixes "en", "l" and some others
Already called “en” (“eat”) or “en” (“it”) are written in verbs that are formed from nouns. They are also quite common and often found in intransitive and transitive verbs. It must be remembered that in transitives it is written “en” (“eat”), and in transitional ones it is written “en” (“it”). Here are simple and easy-to-remember examples: “freeze”, “turn green”, “turn blue”, “turn stone”. Suffixes “and” and “e” are still quite common; their use depends on the transitive-intransitiveness of verbs. For example: “dehydrate - dehydrate”, “bleed”, “deforestation”. So, if the verb itself is transitive, then “and” is written. If the verb is intransitive, then “e” is written. But any rule has exceptions, here they are: “stuck”, “overshadowed”, “prolonged”.
A bit about formative suffixes
A striking representative of these suffixes is “l”. It clearly indicates the past tense of the verb. Also not included in the basis of the word. Remember that you should write the same vowel before it as in an indefinite form. Look: “led away - led away”, “sheltered - sheltered”, “framed - substituted”. It is impossible not to mention in our article the suffix “sya” (“si”). Firstly, it is called returnable and is always included in the basis of the word. For example: “cleaned”, “returned”, “became”, “bathed”. And, on the contrary, the suffix “t” (“ty”) never forms the basis of a word; it is found only in the infinitive of the verb. Consider the examples: “lie”, “graze”, “serve”, “bring out”, “hide”, “look”. It is also worth considering the zero suffix, it is usually found in the past tense verbs of the singular mood of the masculine singular, as well as in the verbs in the conditional mood of the masculine singular, in the verbs of the imperative mood Here are examples of such words: “hand over,” “sun,” “stand up.”
Diminutive suffixes of the Russian language
Diminutive suffixes - why are they needed at all? And here is the answer: we use these suffixes to communicate with children, animals, conditionally, of course, when we try to minimize something. As soon as the child begins to talk, it is best that he learns words with diminutive suffixes, those that he so often hears from parents or caregivers. The most common words among them are the words with particles: “yshk” (“ishk”), “ear” (“yushk”). The main thing here is to use suffixes. And now more about them, let's start with “ek”. Examples are the words: “man - man”, “bag - bag”. Often this suffix is spelled incorrectly. In order to prevent the occurrence of errors, it is enough to know that “ek” is written if the
vowel sounds when declensing the word in cases. Another similar one is “ik.” You can give examples with him: “belly - tummy”, “hare - bunny”. In general, the number of such particles is huge in the Russian language, and they cannot be listed in one article. We just examined some suffixes of verbs and nouns, examples of their use and application. We hope this helps you write correctly and without any mistakes.