The section of science that studies the styles of the Russian language is called stylistics. Stylistics is a linguistic discipline that studies the means of expressiveness of speech and studies the laws of the language, due to the most obvious and necessary use of its components in direct dependence on context, semantic load, correlation with a specific situation.
The following paradigm can be distinguished: the style of the language (tends to study its resources), the style of speech (reveals a system for constructing text belonging to a particular style), and the style of the text. The latter is distinguished by the linguistic scientist Odintsov. He examines how correlated the means of constructing texts are with situational tasks, shows which language tools it is necessary to choose in order to create material of a certain style, as well as the use of these tools in different conditions of communication.
The central problem in the section " Russian language speech styles " can be called the doctrine of the norm. It is a kind of model (lexical, spelling, phonetic, orthoepic, semantic, logical, morphological, punctuation, phraseological, stylistic, word-building, etc.), without which it would not be possible to qualitatively evaluate speech. There is a conditional division into linguistic and stylistic norms. Language is engaged in evaluating the correct choice and use of the resources of the language itself. And the stylistic one determines how expediently these or those forms, components, units are selected in relation to the communicative situation.
For example: the phrase "erect a barn" from the point of view of the
language norm corresponds to the canons, since there are no errors at this level when writing. But from the point of view of style, such a combination is unacceptable - the token “to build” refers to a high syllable (artistic), and the word “barn” refers to the colloquial sphere, and these are essentially different styles of the Russian language. That is, this combination is contrary to the stylistic norm.
So, we can distinguish such styles of the modern Russian language :
- style of art speech;
- colloquial;
- scientific;
- newspaper and journalistic;
- business speech.
All styles of the Russian language have their own style-forming, form-forming factors and signs, uniform means that determine the general laws of speech organization and the functioning of a specific text.
So, for example, the scientific style is characterized by objectivity, consistency, generalization, organization, strict composition, homogeneity, consistency - at the stylistic stage (since the main task is the transfer of scientific information); and at the level of linguistic means - the principle of non-metaphoricality, a large number of terms, abstract nouns, analytical constructions, complex introductory turns.
Business speech is characterized by standardization, limited compatibility of words, nominal combinations, imperativeness, compliance with formal norms.
Newspaper-journalistic style is intended to convey, convey socially significant information. It allows some expression, a hint of subjectivity in the transfer of objective facts.
The main features of colloquial speech are dialogue, ease, discontinuous phrases, emotionality, expressiveness, incomplete sentences, a large number of addresses, spontaneity, a decrease in the proportion of significant parts of speech and the predominance of particles, interjections, more loose compatibility of word forms (due to oral speech), a special word order . Artistic speech has the right to knowingly violate linguistic norms, if this is functionally justified. Her indicators are visual and expressive means, archaisms, dialectisms, neologisms, the widespread use of tropes (metaphors, comparisons, epithets, hyperbolas, personifications).
These are the main styles of the Russian language and a brief description of each of them.