Mechanical processing is carried out by cutting a groove, a plane, a flat (a hedge). It uses a cutting tool called a mill. Hence the name - milling. The mill moves rotationally, and the workpiece - translationally.
The inventor of the milling machine is considered the English industrialist Eli Whitney. He received a patent for a milling machine in 1818.
What does the tool consist of?
Before proceeding to the description of milling cutters, classification and purpose, it is worth understanding what each tool represents. It consists of blades, a body of rotation and teeth.
The cutting part is made of hard alloy, cermets, cermets, diamond, solid carded wire or high speed steel. The design can be made of one material (solid), or it can be prefabricated (various elements are interconnected using standard fasteners, for example, screws, wedges, nuts, bolts).
Cutters with soldered elements for cutting are also distinguished. Such tools are called soldered. Welded milling cutters include tail and cutting parts of various materials that are joined by welding.
In addition, there are milling heads, which are also called mechanical. This is a special kind of cutter. Classification of mills implies a large number of tools that are used depending on the properties of the workpiece. These include tools that consist of high speed steel and interchangeable plates (from hard alloys). Separately, the head (without blades) is called the body.
Classification
There are a large number of types of cutting tools. The classification of cutters depends on various properties.
The main types:
1. Corner. This kind of cutting tool is most often used in milling grooves. They are:
- asymmetric two-angle (straight and helical grooves);
- symmetrical two-angle (grooves on the shaped cutter);
- single-angle (straight grooves).
2. With a flat end. I use this variety in the classification of milling cutters for cutting, roughing and sampling. At the end, the tool has the shape of the letter "P", and the shank in diameter is at least 0.2 millimeters. The turns intended to divert the chips can have a different direction:
- hybrid;
- left;
- direct;
- right.
The area of use varies depending on the number of teeth.
- 1 tooth - cutting, black finish;
- 2 teeth - semi-finished processing and cutting;
- 3 and more - selection, finishing of steel of various types, soft metals.
3. With a spherical butt. Such tools are used in metalworking in the manufacture of parts of complex shape: molds, turbine blades, dies. They produce mainly solid, although there are cutters with interchangeable inserts. When processing wood, it is used to create a 3D product. Although the use of conical cutters with a spherical end face prevails in this area.
4. The end. It is applied to industrial milling machines. Unlike a drill, a product can work in all directions, not just axial. End mills are mounted in the machine spindle using a tail in the shape of a cone or cylinder. There are several types of end mills, depending on the components:
- carbide crowns and screws;
- keyed carbide;
- keyways with a shank in the shape of a cylinder or cone;
- for segment keys.
5. Disk. In the classification of milling cutters, disk tools are used for cutting, cutting and other activities that are associated with rough processing of metals or non-metals. Divided into 3 groups:
- Slotted (keyed) - have teeth only on a cylindrical surface.
- Tripartite - teeth on both ends.
- Bilateral - teeth on the end.
If there are interchangeable carbide inserts on disk mills, they can be adjusted based on the position of the cartridge. From this, the width of the grooves changes. Most often, they profile wooden parts for furniture facades, wooden euro-windows, euro-skirting boards, glazing beads, panels, door frames, etc.
The purpose of the milling cutter for the processed material
The classification of these tools and their purpose depends on the material to be processed. For instance:
- Cast iron.
- Copper.
- Graphite.
- Tree.
- Hardened and stainless steel.
- Aluminum.
Technological features
In addition, tools are distinguished by properties that allow you to process various materials:
- Slots and grooves;
- Body rotation;
- For cutting material;
- Threads and gears.
Design features
1. The direction of the tooth:
- direct;
- screw;
- inclined;
- milling cutters with multidirectional teeth.
2. Classification of mills by design:
- whole;
- with a folding and combined head;
- composite;
- tool with false teeth.
3. Tooth construction:
- milling cutters with backed teeth (the profile cutting edge is ensured by constancy when repeating sharpenings on the front surface);
- sharpened.
4. Classification of mills according to the installation method on the machine:
- horseman (cutter with holes);
- tool with a shank in the form of a cone or cylinder;
- end (tail).
Tree
The choice of a specific tool from the classification of milling cutters for wood depends on the surface that needs to be machined.
Wood milling cutters can be used for:
- joining blanks by splicing grooves;
- making a recess for mounting hinges and any other auxiliary device;
- decoration, which is carried out with the help of a cutter to make a picture.
The most commonly used tools are 6-12 mm in diameter. At the same time, an inch collet and a millimeter tail should not be used in work. This can lead to breakage of the cutters and, in the worst case, result in personal injury.
Equipment manufacturers provide some modifications. It is possible to use a manual router. Its equipment is designed to process plastic and metal, as well as wood.
The main types of woodwork
- Grooves are made, recesses are formed using end types of mills.
- A cylindrical tool performs grooving.
- The use of shaped accessories for curly recesses, which gives the product uniqueness and originality.
- The manufacture of products according to the patterns occurs through the use of edging and bearing designs.
In addition, do not forget that the bearing in the hand mill requires maintenance of the entire tool. The rotating element is lubricated with a thin layer throughout the life of the item.
Metal
Classification of milling cutters for metal:
1. Face. They are used most often for machining a plane on a vertically milling device. This variety of cutters has working vertices of sharp edges of the teeth. The main activity is carried out with the help of lateral pointed edges located outside the part. And the end edges are optional equipment. This tool ensures smooth operation, since the angle of contact depends on the diameter of the cutting object. The face mill is very rigid and massive, which allows you to conveniently and reliably position and fix the cutting elements, as well as equip them with hard alloys. Such milling has a higher productivity than when using other tools.
2. Disk. This is the most important modern equipment. It is used for milling grooves and grooves, there are three types. Circular milling cutters have high productivity, despite the fact that they often have cut teeth. Marshy disc cutters, also called saws, are used to cut the slots and narrow grooves on the parts. For this, chamfers are sharpened from the ends of the equipment. It can cut half of the cutting edge. Because of this, the chips of the required width are cut off with the teeth, which will be narrower than the width of the slot to be cut. Thus, the removal of chips in the cavity of the tooth is improved, since it is placed as spacious as possible. If the dimensions of the cut and the groove will correspond exactly to each other, the ends of the chips will begin to touch the side of the groove. As a result, there will be a difficulty in the free placement of chips, then the disk cutter may break.
3. Angle and end mills. Angle tools are used to mill an inclined plane and an angular groove. The single-angle mill has cutting edges. They are located at the end and conical surface. The cutting edges of the two-angle mill are located on two conical surfaces. The end mill is used when processing a deep groove in the body parts of the ledges and contour recesses. At the same time, a conical or cylindrical shank is fixed in the spindle of the machine. For this tool, most of the cutting work is performed by the main edges on a cylindrical surface. In this case, the auxiliary edges clean the bottom of the groove. These cutters are most often equipped with helical or inclined teeth.
4. Key cutters. As noted above, this is a type of end mill. It is a tool that looks like a drill. It can go deeper into the workpiece during the axial feed process by drilling a hole, and then guide along the groove. In the first part of the work, cutting occurs with the help of end edges, one of which must certainly approach the cutter axis. This will directly drill the hole.
OKPD: classification of mills
This is an abbreviation, which is usually deciphered as "the All-Russian classification of products by type of activity." It is part of a standardization system in the Russian Federation.
Used to determine public procurement items (in accordance with the Federal Law "On the Contract System"). It is applied since 2008.
Conclusion
Milling cutters - the cutting tool which is most often used for processing. It can have several types of teeth, cutting edges and blades. A distinctive feature of this type of equipment is a wide variety in sizes, types, profiles and applications.
Milling cutters, their types and classification are very different in their configuration, properties and functions. To determine the specifics, it is necessary to study the workpiece.