In the course of studying morphology, students go through the topic "Suffixes of real and passive participles". We will understand in more detail the intricacies and features of this group.
Participle
What is this interesting phenomenon? Until today, the debate of linguists has not ceased. Opinions were divided: some consider the sacrament an independent part of speech, since it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If we turn to the history of its occurrence, we can learn that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, it looks more like an adjective. And it borrowed some functions from him: both of them answer one question (what?), And their syntactic role is the same (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a single decision.
The various educational and methodological complexes that teach Russian at school also have a different approach to this situation. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya relates the participle to the verb form, and V. V. Babaitseva to the independent part of speech. But both the one and the other textbooks say that it is still not clear to which category it should be assigned.
Valid
Before considering the suffixes of real and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups by meaning. The first is called valid. They got this name due to their purpose: to name the signs of such objects that themselves perform the action.
Consider an example: "The wind blowing from the sea was frantic."
As we can see, the wind blew independently from the sea, without resorting to anyone's help and not being exposed to any effect. It is these forms that are called valid.
Another example: "The dog guarding the house was a large breed."
The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle “guarding” belongs to the category of valid.
Suffering
The next group, having a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform an action, but are exposed to it.
Let's look at an example: “Parents called to school by a teacher were worried.”
In this sentence, we see the “caused” communion. It was formed from the verb “cause”. We will make sure that the parents did not decide to come to school, but at the request of the teacher. We see that the action is not performed by them, it is performed on them. Therefore, this communion is referred to as suffering. That is, parents seem to “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence.
Suffixes of real and passive present participles
Now that we have figured out the intricacies of this morphological group, we can proceed to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own word formation features.
Suffixes of real and passive participles will vary with time. So, in the present tense, the following are distinguished: -ush and -yush, and also -ash and -yash. Example: rebellious, singing, holding, talking. As you can see, they are all valid. But they are different for the sufferers: th, th, th. Example: driven, persecuted, condemned.
In the true participle of the present tense, all suffixes have spelling features.
If you do not know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should I write: struggling or struggling? The verb from which this word is formed will help us in this - to fight. Define its conjugation. Since its base ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word refers to 1 conjugation, write –usch or –yush. If to the second - then –ash or –yash. Thus, we found out that in the word “struggling” it is necessary to write –yush. The main thing is to know how to determine conjugation in verbs.
Better helps to remember the suffixes of real and passive participles table. And besides, you can always turn to her if suddenly the rule flies out of my head.
Suffixes of real and passive past participles
Now, having considered the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can proceed to the next stage. It is worth remembering that the participles cannot be used in the future tense, therefore we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this attribute from the verb.
In the past tense, the suffixes –w and –w are distinguished from real participles . For example: melted, sprouted.
Passionate people have more of them: -nn, -nen, -t. For example: seeded, attached, chopped.
And again, the table will help us recall the suffixes of real and passive participles.
Everything is clear with the first discharge, no difficulties arise, but with passive it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be distinguished: -nn or –nen. Consider the word "offended" It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -en, we will not make mistakes. But this is not so. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in –at, –yat, –et, then we select the suffix –nn.
In this example, the stem of the verb “offend” ends in –et, so we define the suffix –nn in the participle.
Take another example: dressed up. And again, remember the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ty or -ch, then in this case we use only the suffix –en.
We will also do in the words “baked” (bake), “brought” (bring), “asked” (ask).
Tasks
In Russian language lessons, the teacher pays special attention to how and when suffixes of real and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help to fully understand it.
First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the children to determine their conjugation. Then it is worth giving the task to form a communion from them of different ranks and times.
For instance:
- stabbing (1 spr.) - piercing (valid, current.), pricking (valid, past.);
- to speak (2 sp.) - the speaker (valid, current.), the speaker (valid, past.);
- shaving (1 spr., excl.) - shaving (valid, current), shaving (valid, last.), shaved (suff., past.);
- offend (2 sp., excl.) - offended (suffering., present.), offended (suffering., past.).
Further, students can be encouraged to write their own text using the participles, while determining their rank and time.