Words, phrases, phrases and sentences - all this and much more is inherent in the concept of “language”. How much is hidden in it, and how little we really know about the language! Every day and even every minute we spend with him - whether we say our thoughts out loud or have an internal dialogue, read or listen to the radio ... Language, our speech is a real art, and it must be beautiful. And his beauty must be genuine. What helps in finding the true beauty of language and speech?
The direct and figurative meaning of words is what enriches our language, develops it and transforms it. How does this happen? Let's look into this endless process, when, as they say, words from words grow.
First of all, you should understand what is the direct and figurative meaning of the word, and what are the main types they are divided into. Each word can have a single or a number of meanings. Words with a single meaning are called unambiguous words. In Russian, there are much fewer of them than words with many different meanings. Examples include words such as a computer, ash, satin, and a sleeve. A word that can be used in several meanings, including a figurative one, is a multi-valued word, examples: a house can be used in the meaning of a building, a room for people to live, family structure, etc .; the sky is the airspace above the earth, as well as the location of visible bodies, or divine power, holding.
With ambiguity, a direct and figurative meaning of a word is distinguished. The first meaning of the word, its basis - this is the direct meaning of the word. By the way, the word “direct” in this context is figurative, that is, the main meaning of the word is “something even,
without bends ”- is transferred to another object or phenomenon with the meaning“ literal, expressed unambiguously ”. So there is no need to go far - just need to be more careful and observant in what words we use, when and how.
From the above example, it already becomes clear that the figurative meaning is the secondary meaning of the word that arose when the literal meaning of the word was transferred to another object. Depending on what feature of the subject served as the reason for the transfer of meaning, there are different types of figurative meanings such as metonymy, metaphor, synecdoch.
The direct and figurative meaning of a word can overlap with each other on the basis of similarity - this is a metaphor. For instance:
ice water - ice hands (by sign);
poisonous mushroom - poisonous character (by sign);
a star in the sky - a star in the hand (at the location);
chocolate candy - chocolate tan (based on color).
Metonymy is the allocation of a property in a phenomenon or object that, by its nature, can replace the others. For instance:
gold jewelry - in her ears is gold;
porcelain dishes - porcelain was on the shelves;
headache - my head went out.
And, finally, a synecdoch is a type of metonymy when one word is replaced by another on the basis of a constant, really existing ratio of part to whole and vice versa. For instance:
He is a real head (meaning very smart, the head is the part of the body in which the brain is located).
The whole village sided with him - each resident, that is, the "village" as a whole, which replaces part of it.
What can be said in conclusion? Only one thing: if you know the direct and figurative meaning of a word, you can not only correctly use these or those words, but also enrich your speech, and learn to convey your thoughts and feelings beautifully, and maybe one day you will come up with your own metaphor or metonymy ... Who knows?