Adverb is a developing part of speech. Linguists studying the Old Russian language, argue that even in Old Russian scriptures there were dialects. Already then their first groups and subgroups were outlined according to the methods of formation and morphological values.
Adverbs in sentences more often fulfill the syntactic role of circumstances. According to the lexical meaning, two groups are distinguished: adverbial and definitive categories of adverbs.
Definitive adverbs
These adverbs denote quantitative and qualitative signs of action, state and other signs. The categories of adverbs are divided into three subgroups:
- Quantitative adverbs. They indicate the degree of quality and measure of action, answer the questions: to what extent? how much? (examples - a little, doubly, a little, satiety, dusk, a lot, almost).
- Qualitative adverbs. Formed from high-quality adjectives, determine the quality of the attribute or subject, answer the question how? (examples - weak, modest, fast, dark, slow)
- Image and degree of action. The adverb characterizes how actions are performed, answers the questions: how? as? (examples - to smithereens, blindly, stealthily, to the touch)
Adverbial adverbs
Adverbs of adverbs describe target, temporary, causal and spatial relationships. Divided into 4 groups:
- Adverbs of the place. They point to the scene, answer the questions: where? where from? where to? (examples - right, left, top, here, everywhere, there, there).
- Adverbs of time. They indicate the time of the action, answer the questions: since when? How long? when? (examples - today, yesterday, constantly, sometimes, daily, in the summer, in the spring, until now).
- Adverbs of purpose. They designate the purpose of the action, that is, why is this action performed, answer the question: for what purpose? what for? (examples - for show, in vain, by chance, by chance, intentionally, intentionally).
- Adverbs of reason. The reason for the action is indicated, they answer the question: why? (examples - because, in haste, from evil, through stupidity, for nothing, to slept).
Adverbs are also related to other independent parts of speech - adjectives, nouns, verbs, pronouns, numerals and adverbial parts.
Adverbs are formed in several ways:
- The merging of prepositions with an independent part of speech with the simultaneous rethinking of the case form and its transformation into several separate words.
- Repetition of words with the addition of prepositions-prefixes (for example, na-) to the form of an adverb (for example, dry-dry). Repetition of the same word in different case forms (examples - white-white, black-black). Also used is the repetition of words with a synonymous meaning (examples - firmly, firmly, I will pick up-late).
- Transition from one to another part of speech. So, the widespread rethinking of the participle by the loss of species and time values (examples - lying, standing, reluctantly, immediately).
- Creation of adverbs by adding suffixes to the base of the adjective and the participle of the present tense (examples are melodious, wide, threatening, friendly). Also, this method applies to quantitative numerals (once, twice).
- Suffix-prefix method. Adverbs are formed from pronouns and adjectives with the help of two suffixes -emu- and -omu-. The prefix is added as well (examples - in the old way, in the spring, in a new way, in a good way, in English).
- Also, adverbs can be formed from stable expressions, which are used in the form of circumstances (examples - hand at hand, after the sleeves, upside down, neither light nor dawn than light, whip up).
These are the main ways of forming adverbs.
Spelling Adverbs
One of the most difficult sections is the spelling rules, which are subject to various categories of dialects. However, the spelling of most of them you just need to remember.
Adverbs perform one of the important functions of speech: they supplement the grammatical basis and clarify spoken or written phrases.
To the morphological features of this part of speech, linguists attribute the immutability of adverbs, i.e., the absence of several forms of changes in numbers and cases and the presence of some derivational suffixes.