The method of observation involves the study of the qualitative features of the examined mental processes, as well as the establishment of regular relationships and the relationships between them (features). It is based on the direct perception of objective signs studied by the researcher of processes of a mental nature in the corresponding activity.
The observation technique has a characteristic feature that allows you to study the phenomenon directly in the process of its stay in natural conditions for it, since it (the phenomenon) proceeds in real life. This form of knowledge excludes the use of any methods that can make changes or disrupt the natural course. Under these circumstances, the observation method makes it possible to obtain information about the phenomenon in all life truthfulness and completeness of the available qualitative features. This form of study is considered indispensable in the process of describing phenomena. If it is used in the explanation (interpretation) of events, then the method of comparison and analysis of directly studied manifestations is used.
The method of observation in psychology is used in the study not of direct subjective experiences of a psychological nature, but of their manifestations in the behavior and actions of the individual, in his activity and speech.
A logical connection has been established between subjective experiences of a psychological nature and objectively observed activity. Applying the observation method, the researcher is able to draw fairly reasonable conclusions.
When studying the movements and actions of a person, their character, speed, strength and other features are evaluated. Moreover , the observation method involves the simultaneous recording of circumstances that caused or accompanied these qualitative characteristics. These studies allow us to assess the wealth, nature, accuracy of musculoskeletal representations. So, for example, it is possible to identify a coordination disorder in a professional gymnast if he performs exercises in an unknown, significantly different from the usual, environment.
A properly organized method of objective observation is characterized by specialists with certain features.
- The phenomena to be investigated are in the usual conditions for them. In this case, no changes are made to their normal course. The very fact of cognition should not violate the phenomenon.
- The study is carried out in the most characteristic conditions for the phenomenon. So, for example, the features of the manifesting processes of an emotional-volitional nature associated with sports activities are more appropriate to study not in traditional physical education lessons, but in competition conditions.
- The collection of material during the study is carried out according to a pre-compiled scheme (plan, program) corresponding to the objectives of the study. Thus, the choice of objective materials characteristic of the phenomenon under study is facilitated.
- The study is carried out systematically, with the number of persons and the number of observations is sufficient to obtain reliable results.
- The study takes into account a fairly wide range of circumstances surrounding the studied phenomenon.
- Observations are carried out under various conditions that change naturally.
- Research results are recorded using protocols that provide fairly complete information characterizing the main and related circumstances.
- As a rule, accurate techniques are used to fix the observed phenomena. Sometimes it becomes necessary to use quite sophisticated equipment.