In the Russian language there are a large number of syntactic constructions, but their scope is the same - the transmission of written or spoken language. They sound in ordinary colloquial, and in business, and in scientific language, they are used in poetry and prose. These can be both simple and complex syntactic constructions, the main purpose of which is to correctly convey the thought and meaning of what was said.
The concept of complex structures
Many writers prefer to narrate the story in their works with simple and short sentences. These include Chekhov (“brevity is the sister of talent”), Babel, O. Henry and others. But there are authors who use sentences with complex syntactic construction to not only convey the description more fully, but also the emotions that it evokes. They were most widely used by such authors as Hugo, Leo Tolstoy, Nabokov and others.
A complex syntactic construct is a sentence in which there are different types of syntactic relationships. They can combine:
- Composing and non-union connections: "At first, large snowflakes slowly sank onto the sidewalk, and then fell faster - a blizzard began."
- Unionless with subordinates: "In the evening the weather worsened sharply, no one wanted to go for a walk when I finished my business."
- Mixed type: "All the guests silently went into the hall, took their places, and only after that they began to talk in a whisper, until the one who invited them here appeared in the doorway."
- Composing and subordinate connection: "A large, beautiful maple leaf fell at my feet, and I decided to pick it up to put it in a vase at home."
In order to correctly compose complex syntactic constructions, one should know how exactly their parts are interconnected. The punctuation marks also depend on this.
Compound type of connection
In the Russian language, a complex syntactic construction can consist of parts united by one of 3 types of connections - composing, subordinate and non-union, or all at the same time. Syntactic structures with a compositional type of conjunction combine two or more equal sentences connected by a compositional conjunction.
Between them it would be possible to put an end to or change their places, since each of them is independent, but together in meaning they form a single whole, for example:
- Read this book and you will discover a whole new vision of reality. (You can put an end to the two sentences, but the content will remain the same).
- A thunderstorm was approaching, and dark clouds appeared in the sky, and the air was filled with moisture, and the first gust of wind stirred the crowns of the trees. (Parts can be interchanged, while the meaning of the proposal will be the same).
Compound linking can be one of the linking components in complex sentences. Examples of its combination with union-free communication are known.
Combining with intonation
Sophisticated syntactic construction often combines a compositional connection with a unionless one. So called complex sentences, parts of which are connected exclusively by intonation, for example:
"The girl accelerated step (1): the train, panting, drove up to the station (2), and the whistle of the engine confirmed this (3)."
There is a union-free connection between the first and second parts of the structure, and the second and third sentences are combined by a creative connection, they are completely equal, and you can put an end to them.
In this example, there is a combination of composing and non-union ties, united by a common lexical meaning.
Compositional and subordinate constructions
Sentences in which one part is the main and the other dependent, are called complex. Moreover, from the first to the second one can always pose a question, regardless of where it is located, for example:
- I do not like (when what?) When they interrupt me. (The main part is at the beginning of the proposal).
- When they interrupt me, I do not like this (when?). (The sentence begins with the subordinate component).
- Natasha decided (for how long?) That she would leave for a long time (for what reason?), Because what had happened had a great effect on her. (The first part of the sentence is central to the second, while the second to the third).
Combined into a single whole, composing and subordinate relations form complex syntactic constructions. We will consider examples of sentences below.
"I realized (1) that new challenges await me (2), and this awareness has given me strength (3)."
The first part is the main in relation to the second, since they are connected by a subordinate link. The third is connected to them by a writing connection with the help of the union and.
"The boy was ready to cry (1), and tears already filled his eyes (2) when the door opened (3) so that he could follow after his mother (4)."
The first and second sentences are connected by a creative connection with the help of the union "and". The second, third and fourth parts of the structure are connected by submission.
In complex syntactic constructions, the sentences of which they consist can be complicated. Consider an example.
"The wind rose, intensifying with every gust (1), and people hid their faces in the collars (2) when they were overtaken by a new barrage (3)."
The first part is complicated by adverbial circulation.
Types of unionless and subordinate structures
In Russian, you can often find union-free sentences combined with a subordinate form of communication. In such designs, there can be 3 or more parts, some of which are main for some and dependent on others. To them are attached parts without unions with the help of intonation. This is the so-called complex syntactic construction (examples below) with subordinate-union-free communication:
"In moments of particular fatigue, I had a strange feeling (1) - I do something (2), which I have absolutely no soul (3)."
In this example, the first and second parts are connected by a common meaning and intonation, while the second (main) and third (dependent) are complex sentences.
"When it snowed outside (1), my mother wrapped me in numerous scarves (2), because of this I couldn’t move normally (3), which made it extremely difficult to play snowballs with other guys (4)."
In this sentence, the 2nd part is the main in relation to the 1st, but at the same time it is associated with the 3rd intonation. In turn, the third sentence is the main in relation to the fourth and is a complex construction.
In one complex syntactic structure, some parts can be connected without a union, but at the same time be part of a complex subjunctive sentence.
Design with all kinds of communication
A complex syntactic construction, in which all types of communication are used simultaneously , is not common. Similar sentences are used in literary texts when the author wants to convey events and actions in one phrase as accurately as possible, for example:
"The whole sea was covered with waves (1), which, when approaching the shore, became larger (2), they broke with a noise on a solid barrier (3), and with a dissatisfied hiss, the water receded (4) to return and strike with a new force ( 5)".
In this example, the first and second parts are connected by a subordinate link. The second and third are non-union, between the 3rd and 4th - a composing connection, and the fourth and fifth - again subordinate. Such complicated syntactic constructions can be divided into several sentences, but as a single whole, they carry an additional emotional coloring.
Separation of offers with different types of communication
Punctuation marks in complex syntactic constructions are placed on the same basis as in complex, complex and non-union sentences, for example:
- When the sky in the east began to turn gray, the cry of a rooster was heard. (subordinate connection).
- A slight haze lay in the valley, and the air trembled over the grasses. (compound sentence).
- When the disk of the sun rose above the horizon, as if the whole world was filled with sounds - birds, insects and animals welcomed the new day. (A comma stands between the main and dependent parts of a complex sentence, and a dash separates it from a non-union).
If you combine these sentences into one, you get a complex syntactic structure (9th grade, syntax):
"When the sky in the east began to turn gray, the rooster cried (1), a slight haze lay in the valley, and the air trembled over the grass (2), when the disk of the sun rose above the horizon, as if the whole world was filled with sounds - birds, insects and animals greeted the new day (3). "
Parsing complex syntax constructs
To analyze the proposal with different types of communication, you must:
- determine its type - narrative, imperative or interrogative;
- find out how many simple sentences it consists of and find their boundaries;
- determine the types of relationships between parts of the syntactic structure;
- characterize each block by structure (complex or simple sentence);
- draw up his diagram.
So you can disassemble the design with any number of links and blocks.
Using offers with different types of relationships
Similar constructions are used in colloquial speech, as well as in journalism and fiction. They convey to a greater extent the sensations and emotions of the author than individually written ones. The great master who used complex syntactic constructions was Leo Tolstoy.