If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dim. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no art books, and fairy-tale heroes would not have expected children before bedtime.
Speech is precisely the discrete definition in it. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech, and in fiction.
Definition concept
The definition is part of the sentence and describes the characteristic of the subject. It answers the questions “what, who, what?”, Identifying the subject or “whose, what, what?”, Indicating its belonging to someone.
Most often, adjectives perform the definition function, for example:
- good (what?) heart;
- gold (what?) nugget;
- bright (what?) appearance;
- old (what?) friends.
In addition to adjectives, definitions in a sentence can be pronouns denoting the belonging of an object to a person:
- the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
- mom ironing (whose?) her blouse;
- the brother sent my friends home;
- father poured (whose?) my tree.
In a sentence, the definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject, expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of the sentence may consist of one word or be a combination with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:
- "Joyful, she reported this news." In this sentence, a single adjective is detached.
- "The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state." A separate definition is the participle turnover.
- "Pleased with the successes of her son, mom secretly wiped away the tears of joy." Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.
The examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its affiliation.
Separate Definitions
Definitions are considered to be detached, giving additional information about the subject or clarifying its belonging to any person. The meaning of the sentence does not change if you remove a separate definition from the text. Examples:
- "Mom brought the baby, who fell asleep on the floor, into his crib" - "Mom took the baby in his crib."
- "Excited by the first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."
As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since an additional explanation conveys the state of the object.
Separate definitions may be consistent and inconsistent.
Agreed Definitions
Definitions that are consistent with the word whose quality is determined in the case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:
- adjective - a yellow leaf fell from a tree (what?);
- pronoun - my dog ​​fell off the leash (whose?);
- numerals - give him (what?) a second chance;
- communion - in the front garden was visible (what?) green grass.
A separate definition has the same properties with respect to a defined word. Examples:
- "Briefly said (what?), His speech impressed everyone." Communion "spoken" stands in the feminine, singular, nominative, as well as the word "speech", which it defines.
- "We went outside (which one?), Still wet from the rain." The adjective “wet” stands in the same number, gender and case as the word “street” defined by it.
- "People (what?), Joyful of the upcoming meeting with the actors, went into the theater." Since the word being defined is in the plural and nominative case, the definition is consistent with it in this.
A separate agreed definition (examples have shown it) can stand both before the defined word, and after it or in the middle of the sentence.
Inconsistent definition
When a definition does not change in gender and number in accordance with the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:
- Adjacency is a combination of stable word forms or an unchanging part of speech. For example: "He loves soft-boiled eggs (what?)."
- Management is the setting of a definition in a case that a defined word requires. Often indicate a sign on the material, purpose or location of the subject. For example: "the girl sat on a chair (which?) Of wood."
Several parts of speech can express an inconsistent stand-alone definition. Examples:
- A noun in a nominative or prepositional case with the prepositions "c" or "c". Nouns can be either single or dependent words - Asya met Olya after the exam (which one?), In chalk, but happy with the grade. (“In chalk” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in a prepositional case).
- The verb is in indefinite form, answering the question “what?”, “What to do?”, “What to do?”. In Natasha’s life there was one great joy (what?) - to have a baby.
- Comparative degree of an adjective with dependent words. From afar we noticed a friend in a dress (which one?), Brighter than she usually wears.
Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.
Definition Structure
The structure of the definition may consist of:
- from a single word, for example, delighted grandfather;
- adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
- of several separate definitions - grandfather, delighted by the news.
Separation of definitions depends on which definable word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by dashes (for example, the biggest luck (what?) Is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).
Separation of the sacrament
The most popular stand-alone definition, examples of which are most often encountered, is solitary communion (participle circulation). Commas in this type of definition are placed if it is after the word that defines.
- The girl (what?), Frightened, silently went forward. In this example, the participle determines the state of the object and stands after it, therefore it is highlighted with commas on both sides.
- The painting (what?), Painted in Italy, became his favorite work. Here the participle with the dependent word selects the object and stands after the defined word, therefore it is also separated by commas.
If the sacrament or participle is before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not put:
- The frightened girl silently went forward.
- A painting painted in Italy became his favorite work.
One needs to know about the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:
- when creating a valid participle in the present. time from the verb 1 of conjugation, the suffix –usch –yushch is written (thinks –– thinking, write –– writers);
- when creating in the present. actual communion time 2 sp., use –ash-box (smoke - smoke, sting - sting);
- in the past tense, real participles are formed using the suffix –vs (wrote - wrote, said - spoke);
- passive participles are created with the addition of suffixes –nn-enn in the past tense (invented –– invented, offended –– offended) and ––, –– –– –– –– ––– in the present (leads –– led, to love –– beloved).
In addition to the sacrament, an adjective is also common.
Separation of the adjective
Single or dependent words adjectives are isolated in the same way as participles. If the stand-alone definition (examples and the rule are similar to the participle) is after the word being defined, then a comma is put, and if before, then not.
- The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (A gray and foggy morning did not lead to a walk).
- Mom, angry, may be silent for several hours. (An angry mother may be silent for several hours).
Detachment in a defined personal pronoun
When the participle or adjective refers to the pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:
- Frustrated, she went into the yard.
- They, tired, went to bed immediately.
- He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.
When a word being defined is shared by other words, a stand-alone definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) is also highlighted with commas. For example, "Suddenly the entire steppe stirred up and, enveloped in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).
Other definitions
A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by kinship or profession, then they are also highlighted with commas. For instance:
- The professor, a handsome young man, was looking at his new entrants.
- Mom, in the usual robe and apron, has not changed at all over this year.
In such constructions, separate definitions carry additional messages about the object.
The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, then the material is well absorbed.