Almost no one knows the face of the young Fedor Tyutchev. In portraits he is already depicted in his declining years with serious sad eyes, gray sparse hair, a high forehead, long fingers, dry lips. Thus, in fact, Tyutchev came to poetry - serious and mature. His debut is considered the publication of 24 works in the 3rd and 4th books of the Contemporary in 1836.
What were the main motives of Tyutchev’s lyrics? What place did feelings occupy in his work? As the most striking example of the expression of the feelings and feelings of the hero in poetry, the article will contain the Denisyevsky Cycle. It is in the works included in it that the features of Tyutchev’s lyrics are most clearly and accurately conveyed.
First wife
Tyutchev left Russia at the age of nineteen, leaving for Munich. There he met Emilia-Eleanor Botmer. In 1826 he married, subsequently becoming the father of 3 daughters. By the end of 1837, Tyutchev was appointed senior secretary in Turin. Before that, he and his family visited Russia. From there, Tyutchev went alone to a new job, and left his wife and children in the care of relatives. At first he wanted to settle down in a new place. Eleanor and her daughters sailed on a boat from St. Petersburg. Not far from the coast of Prussia, a fire suddenly broke aboard. The steamer drowned. Eleanor behaved heroically - she saved the children. However, all the property of the family went to the bottom. Soon after the shock, Tyutchev's wife became seriously ill. She died at the end of August 1838. The loss for Fedor Ivanovich was a huge grief. It is enough to say here that he completely turned gray at the age of 35.
Feelings in the poet's work
Adherents of "pure art" are distinguished by high culture, admiration for the perfection of classical music, sculpture, and painting. They are characterized by a romantic striving for the ideal of beauty, a desire to join the sublime, "different" world. Carrying out an analysis of Tyutchev’s lyrics, one can see how his artistic outlook was reflected in his work. His works are permeated with powerful drama, tragic sound. This is all connected with the experiences that Tyutchev experienced in his life. Love poems were born from suffering, genuine pain, feelings of remorse and guilt, irreparable loss.
"Denisievsky cycle"
The works that went into it reveal the originality of Tyutchev’s lyrics. They are considered the highest achievement of romanticism in his work. The works are devoted to the feeling that the poet experienced in his declining years to Elena Denisieva. Their romance lasted fourteen years. He ended in the death of Elena Alexandrovna from consumption. In the eyes of secular society, their relationship was shameful, "lawless." Therefore, after the death of Denisyeva, the poet continued to accuse himself of causing suffering to his beloved woman, and was unable to protect her from the people's court. Very clearly shows the deep feelings of Tyutchev’s poem "Last Love":
Oh, how on the slope of our years
Tender we love, superstitious ...
Shine shine goodbye light
Last love, dawn of the evening!
The strength with which the lines affect the reader is based on the artlessness and sincerity of expressing the long-suffering deep thought about the transience of the unique huge happiness that, unfortunately, has gone irretrievably. Love in Tyutchev’s lyrics looks like a supreme gift, a mystery. She is uncontrollable, bizarre, exciting. The vague attraction lurking in the depths of the soul suddenly erupts in explosive passion. Self-sacrifice and tenderness can suddenly turn into a "fatal duel." The death of a beloved woman carried away desires, dreams. The colors of life, formerly bright, faded instantly. All this is accurately conveyed in the comparison that Tyutchev uses. Love poems, where a person resembles a bird with broken wings, convey a sense of shock from the worst loss, powerlessness and emptiness.
Who was Elena Denisieva for the poet?
Nothing is known about this woman — Tyutchev’s last, secret, excruciating and ardent love. And along with this, a lot is known. Elena Denisyeva was the addressee of more than fifteen works that Tyutchev wrote. Love poems dedicated to this woman became truly masterpieces, one of the most precious in 19th century Russian classical poetry. Such a number of works is a lot for a selflessly loving woman. But this is too little for a self-tearing heart. During life, Elena Alexandrovna was a victim of love, and after her death, Tyutchev himself became a victim. Maybe he gave her too little feelings, but without her, her ardor and tenderness, he could not live.
Poet's attitude to feelings
Tyutchev himself had a great need for love. Without her, there is no life, he was sure of it. But his need was not so much to love as to be loved himself. In the work written by him in the 30th year ("This day, I remember ..."), a new world was opened for the poet. A completely new life began for him. But this did not happen because he began to love, but because he felt loved. His lines confirm this:
"Love confession golden
Out of her bosom ... "
The world was transformed at that moment when the poet found out that he was loved. With such an experience of feelings, the dissatisfaction of those who were gentle with him becomes close to him. Fidelity took place for him, but at the same time he did not rule out treason (just as treason did not reject loyalty). The theme of love in Tyutchev’s lyrics is connected with drama, false faithfulness, ardor and depth of feelings. All of them passed through the life of the poet, being reflected in his work.
The crisis of perception of feelings
In her bitter confession to Georgievsky, Tyutchev says that, despite the high poetic nature of Elena Alexandrovna, she did not put poetry in pennies in general, and his own in particular. Only those works Denisyev perceived with enthusiasm in which the poet expressed his feelings for her, spoke about them publicly and publicly. It was this, in his opinion, that was valuable to her - so that the whole world knew what she was for him. In a letter to Georgievsky Tyutchev tells the incident that occurred during a walk. Denisieva expressed the desire that the poet seriously begin to engage in the secondary edition of his works, admitting that she would be pleased to see her name at the head of the publication. But instead of adoration, love and gratitude, the poet expressed his disagreement, understanding by her desire a certain disagreement. It seemed to him that this requirement was not entirely generous on her part, because, knowing the full degree of belonging (Elena Alexandrovna said "You are my own," referring to the poet), she did not need to wish for any more confirmation in the form of printed statements, which could offend other people.
The death of Denisieva
The poet’s relationship with Elena Alexandrovna lasted fourteen years. By the end of this period, Denisiev was ill a lot. The letters she wrote to her sister survived. In them, she called Fyodor Ivanovich "my dear God." They also say that in the last summer of her life, Denisyeva’s daughter, Lelya, went to the islands almost every evening with the poet, they returned late. Elena Alexandrovna was happy about this and was sad because she was left alone in a stuffy room or some kind of compassionate lady who wanted to visit her shared her company. That summer, the poet especially sought to abroad. Petersburg weighed him - this follows from the correspondence with his second wife. But there, abroad, he was struck by that blow, and the poet could not recover from it until his death. Two months after the death of Denisyeva, Tyutchev wrote to Georgievsky that only during the life of Elena Alexandrovna he was a person, only for her and only in her love was he aware of himself.
The life of the poet after the death of Elena Alexandrovna
Denisieva died in the year 1864, on August 4. In early October, in a letter to Georgievsky, Tyutchev writes about the immense feeling of "hunger in the hungry." He did not live, the wound did not heal. He felt like an agonizing nonentity, meaningless living. This reflects the love lyrics of Tyutchev. The verses illustrate the whole struggle that took place in him after the loss. However, it should be said that a week after the letter to St. George the poet wrote lines devoted to Akinfiev. But this work can only testify to the need for a society, especially a female one, which, in fact, never left Fedor Ivanovich. Despite this outward sociability, tenderness and talkativeness, emptiness gaped inside. After the death of Denisieva, Tyutchev's love lyrics reflected the stillness of his soul, the dull longing and the inability to become aware of himself. But at the same time living power, inability to feel was opposed by the power of Denisieva’s feelings. All this found expression in the lines of his "suffering stagnation."
At the end of June, Tyutchev admits in a letter to Georgievsky that he didn’t spend a single day without wondering how a person can continue his life, even though his heart was ripped out and his head was cut off. Fifteen years have passed since the death of Denisieva. That summer, he commemorated the two anniversaries of death with his mournful lines. In St. Petersburg on July 15, he wrote, "Today, friend, fifteen years have passed ...". On the third of August in Ovstug he writes lines about the severity of his burden, about memory, about the fateful day.
Sorrow in the works of the poet
Tyutchev became harder every day. His relatives noted the poet’s irritability: he wanted more sympathy for him. In the next letter, he talks about the shakiness of nerves, about the inability to hold a pen in his hand. After some time, the poet writes about how pathetic and mean the man is in his ability to survive everything. But six months later, in verses to Bludova, he writes that "to survive does not mean to live." Later in his lines he will talk about the torment that his soul is experiencing.
The death of the poet
Tyutcheva was weighed by the thought of going abroad. He talked about the fact that there it is even worse for him, this emptiness is felt even more distinctly. He wrote to his second wife that he noticed that he was becoming unbearable; his irritation is aggravated by the fatigue that he feels after all attempts to somehow entertain himself. Years passed. Over time, the name of Elena Alexandrovna disappears from the correspondence. Tyutchev did not have to live very long. The poet died in 1873, in July.
Tyutchev's love lyrics in the last years of his life were no longer so full of feelings. In the lines that he devoted to various women (in letters to Elena Uslar-Bogdanova, half-joking works to the Grand Duchess, madrigals to Akinfieva-Gorchakova), only “reflection”, flashes and shadows, light breathing of the poet’s last strong and deep feelings for Elena are expressed Denisieva. All of his poems subsequently were only an attempt to fill the heart emptiness that formed after the departure of the woman he loved.
"Denisievsky cycle" - a miraculous monument to a woman
Elena Alexandrovna inspired the poet for fourteen years. It is difficult now to judge the depth of feelings of Tyutchev and Denisieva to each other. Their relationship was somewhat strange, for many incomprehensible. But this love was in the life of the poet. Especially difficult was Elena Aleksandrovna - in such cases, as a rule, the light justified the man, and blamed the woman. Despite all the hardships of life, complexity, some sacrifice, excruciatingness, everything that reflected Tyutchev's love lyrics (verses) is permeated with tenderness, reverential adoration of each other. The works of this period became a truly poetic masterpiece of world literature.
The main motives of the lyrics of Tyutchev and Turgenev. Brief comparative description
The peculiarities of Tyutchev’s lyrics are manifested in the fact that feeling for him was both bliss, and hopelessness, and tension, bringing happiness and suffering to a person. And all this drama is revealed in the lines devoted to Denisieva. Refusing from a narrow subjective consideration of a beloved woman, he seeks to objectively reveal her personality, her inner world. The poet focuses on the description of his experiences through penetration into the spirituality of a close woman. Describing the external manifestations of feelings, he reveals her inner world.
Psychological warehouse beloved in the "Denisievsky cycle" is similar to the Turgenev heroines. Both Turgenev and Tyutchev have a feeling - “a fatal duel”. But at the same time, the former has a historical and social conditionality of the personality in the sphere of feelings. The psychological situations reflected in the works of Turgenev showed a real picture of relations between people of the 50-60s, an understanding in leading circles about the responsibility for women's fate.
In his thoughts about the proportion of women, their character, Tyutchev is close to Turgenev. So, the beloved in the Denisyevsky Cycle reminds the heroine of the story Three Meetings. The mental state of a woman in the works of Fyodor Ivanovich reflects not only the universal, but also the personal experience of a noble hero of the 50s, illustrated in the stories of that period in the works of Ostrovsky, Goncharov, Turgenev. The inferiority of the hero can be traced in woeful self-criticism. In some cases, the textual convergence of Tyutchev’s lines with the works of Turgenev, where love is expressed, is visible.
Conclusion
Fedor Ivaanovich Tyutchev praised the power of feeling in a woman. That was the main thing for him. His chosen one appeared in verse as a real heroine of love. The poet leaves her the right to feel, to fight for him. In her love, the heroine reveals herself, her best qualities and capabilities. The feeling itself is revealed by the poet both as an internal strength of a person and as a relation itself, arising between people, but subject to social influence.
The heroes of Tyutchev are people who are not divorced from life, but ordinary, strong and at the same time weak, but unable to unravel the tangle of contradictions. Tyutchev's love lyrics are among the best works of Russian poetry. In his creations, the inexhaustible wealth of the Russian language is striking. At the same time, Tyutchev is distinguished by his exacting attitude to poetic mastery.
Tolstoy, speaking of the poet, recognizes his artistic talent, his sensitive attitude to the Muse. He encouraged young writers to learn such an ability to harmoniously combine form and content. The themes of Tyutchev’s lyrics over time were saturated with ever greater visualization, concreteness. The experience of Russian realism did not pass unnoticed for the poet. Completing the era of romanticism, Tyutchev with his poems goes far beyond its borders. The poet’s work becomes a harbinger of the beginning of the artistic movement that arose at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.