H and NN in participles and verbal adjectives

One of the most difficult topics of the Russian language from a grammatical point of view is communion. In particular, the most difficult part to understand is the spelling of "n" and "nn" in the participles. To begin with, we will understand the main aspects of this part of speech.

What is the sacrament?

Communion has some of the attributes of a verb and an adjective. Its main purpose is to indicate signs of action, that is, to answer the question “what?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”. From the verb in the participle there are grammatical signs in the form:

1. Perfect look - dormant (what to do? - nap), imperfect - jumped down (what to do? - jump off). It is worth noting that it is the view that to a greater extent determines the spelling of "n" and "nn" in participles - we pay special attention to this sign;
2. Present (singing, described) and past tense (singer, described);
3. Returns and irrevocability.

From the adjective in the sacrament were:

1. Gender, number, case;
2. Short and complete form.

In addition, participles, like adjectives, can be valid (which describe the actions of a particular person, for example) and passive (which indicate the action to which a person is exposed by someone or something).

Let us, before we understand the spelling of "n" and "nn" in the participles, pay attention to another part of the speech.

What is a “verb adjective”?

Very often, the sacraments are confused with verbal adjectives, and therefore they make mistakes in spelling. To avoid this, when determining the part of speech, note that such adjectives:

1. As a rule, they are formed from an imperfect form of verbs, and participles, respectively, from perfect. For example, compare: burnt (burn - what to do?) And abandoned (quit - what to do?). We also consider a number of exceptions, which, despite the form of the verb, are verbal adjectives. For example: desired, unexpected, unexpected, unprecedented, done, sacred and others (more on grammatical aspects, including exceptions related to the correct use of "n" and "nn" in adjectives and participles, will be discussed below).
2. They do not have prefixes (except for the prefix "not"), while participles can be with prefixes. For example, fried and overcooked.
3. Unlike participles, verb adjectives are used without dependent words. For example, dried herbs and sun-dried herbs.

As can be understood from the above material, the spelling of the letters n extends to adjectives that are presented as verbal. The participles with “n” and “nn” have a completely different character of origin, and, accordingly, are subject to other grammatical rules.

When should one “n” be written in participles?

The spelling "n" and "nn" in participles are regulated by certain rules. So, to begin with, let's deal with the spelling of one letter "n".

We write it in participles when:

• Passionate communion is short. It should be borne in mind that they are used in grammatical constructions with: infinitive - intends to answer at the blackboard; with the addition - I am sure of the answer.

• The sacrament is formed from a verb without a prefix: frozen berry. Exceptions: the prefix "not" (unfrozen vegetables).

When should two “ns” be written in participles?

You probably already understood that a theory involving “n” and “nn” in participles is not so complicated if you look at it in detail. We now turn to the spelling of the two letters "n". They should be written if we are faced with the passive participle of the past tense, expressed in full form, and:

• Formed from verbs with a prefix. For example, connected (to connect, “with” - prefix), unfinished, corrected. Exception: verbal adjectives that have lost touch with the participle, which are well-established phrases, for example: only a finished person could do so cruelly.
• It has dependent words: a broken (by whom?) Vitya bicycle, a lawn mowed (when?) Yesterday.
• Formed from non-prefixal verbs of a perfect form: torn off (torn off), executed (executed). Exceptions: smart, named.
• We also write "nn" when the participle is formed by the suffixes "o", "e", "iro" ("va"): (stuffed, milled, glazed and so on). Exception: with one "n": chewed; c "nn": coveted, accidental, and others.

We have finished analyzing the rules for writing "n" and "nn" in participles, now we will move on to verbal adjectives.

When should one be written in verbal adjectives?

Do not rush if you do not understand the first part about the sacrament. Proceed to the study of verbal adjectives only when you are sure that you have learned the previous material well, since the correct use of “n” and “nn” in participles and verbal adjectives requires reflection and understanding.

So, we write one letter in:

• adjectives formed from verbs with a prefix and having a short form: jacket worn (worn jacket), jeans worn (worn jeans);
• adjectives (non-prefix origin) formed from imperfective verbs - frantic pace (enrage), boiled chicken (cook);
• adjectives that have no dependent words: a painted fence (but a worker painted fence is a communion), a loaded machine (but a box-loaded machine).

Note that the spelling of participles and verbal adjectives is regulated not only by grammatical, but also by semantic aspects. For example, in such phrases as: baked bath and baked milk.

In the first case, we are dealing with the sacrament, since the bath was "drowned", that is, there is a direct connection with the verb, in the second case, "melted" indicates the quality of the subject, that is, the word is directly related to the adjective. After such a semantic analysis, the question of choosing “n” and “nn” in adjectives and participles is easily solved.

When should two “ns” be written in verbal adjectives?

Such spelling is characteristic of short adjectives and implies that we observe the same amount of "n" as we see in full form. For example, a scattered grandmother - a grandmother scattered.

It should be noted that in short verbal adjectives we cannot replace with a verb, while short participles we can: children are inattentive and scattered (we can not replace with a verb), leaves are scattered by the wind (wind scattered leaves).

In this article, we examined various aspects of the spelling "n" and "nn" in participles and verbal adjectives. We hope the article was useful and you will no longer make grammatical mistakes.